prejudice 8 Flashcards
What is prejudice?
PRE (before in advance) +judge= prejudice (to judge before)
prejudices is the affective element of the process of stereotypes- it is a motivated cognitive style- Allport, 1954
e.g. women are warm and nurturing, whilst men are competent, means that women face prejudice in areas which rely on competence
What is Ingroup?
a group you belong to
What is Outgroup?
a group you do not belong to
What is intergroup bias?
a preference for an ingroup over an outgroup
What is a prejudice?
a negative attitude towards the members of specific social outgroups
prejudice= affective
stereotypes=cognitive
discrimination= behavioural
What is social identity theory by Tajfel and Turner, 1979?
individuals strive to achieve or to maintain positive social identity–>positive social identity partly based on favourable comparisons with relevant out groups–>in group must be perceived as postiviely different or distinct from the relevant outgroups–>we are motivated to maximise the positive difference between ingroup and outgroup
related: self- categorisation theory- people self- categorise into social identity categories- these categories differ in ‘relative accessibility’- e.g. snowboarders and skiers
humans have a ‘need to belong’ - Baumeister and Liery, 1995
What does intersectionality mean?
a term derived from black feminist thought
started as a legal term- adopted by Professor Kimberle Crenshaw- a black lawyer
to draw attention to the way that employees who are both women and from an oppressed minority are often discriminated against more toughly because of the ‘doubly disadvantage’ of being both black and women
our social identities intersect
What is infrahumanization?
the views that groups are essentially different
we make positive distinctiveness- Turner et al, 1987
What is dehumanisation?
denial of humanness- most extreme from of infrahumanization
Paladino et al, 2002- ingroup names more strongly associated with uniquely human emotions than are outgroup names
What is objectification?
dehumanisation linked to objectification which disrupts women’s likelihood of protesting sexism
people are seen as ‘sum of their parts’ rather than full, human people
What are individual differences in prejudice?
Adorno proposed the authoritarian personality explanation, 1950, belief in absolute obedience or submission to an authority, leading to the oppression of subordinates
measured by the F scale (fascist)
promoted by strict parent - child relationships in childhood
What is Roets and Van Hiel, 2011 research?
‘need for closure’ is also a factor in individual differences of prejudice
defined as the desire for “an answer on a given topic, any answer… compared to confusion and ambiguity”- Webster and Kruglanski, 1994
What are 3 intergroup theories of prejudice?
-realist group conflict theory
-minimal group paradigm
- social identity theory
What is realistic group conflict theory, Sherif, 1966?
prejudice is situational. intergroup conflict develops due to competition for scarce resources
conflict is an adaptive response to lack of resources
What is Robber’s cave studies?
Sherif and Sherif
boy’s sumer camp US
split into two groups= rattlers and eagles
3 stages:
- group formation
-intergroup competition
- conflict resolution
Does realistic conflict cause prejudice?
-threat can include resources, such as in-group’s safety, economy, well-being, or politics (Tajfel and Turner, 1986)
-competititon can lead to intergroup conflict
What is minimal group paradigm by Tajfel, Flament, Bling and Bundy 1971?
-p’s allocated to two groups on basis of painting preference
- identities of other group members unknown
-p’s asked to allocate points (money) to a series of unknown ingroup members and outgroup members
- no individual gain to p’s
-p’s tend to allocate more points to their own
-tendency to maximise differences between groups even if that means awarding fewer points to ingroup member
Group membership or similarity ?
-dissociating similarity (liking painting) from pure group membership (categorization by coin-toss)
- the explicit grouping of people, even on an arbritrary basis, is sufficient for discriminatory responses to occur.
How to reduce prejudice?
-intergroup contact; bringing together members of different groups should reduce prejudice - (Allport)- cooperation, common goals, equal status, institutional support
- mere exposure - greater liking- just knowing in group members who have out group friends can reduce outgroup prejudice
What is extended contact by Wright et al, 1997?
- based on robbers cave experiments
- 1 person from each group worked together
- discussed experience with other ingroup members
- based on minimal group paradigm
- watched one group member working with a member of the other group
- 3 conditions- hostile-neutral- friend
What are limitations of wright et al?
- Dependence on Positive Norms: Extended contact relies
on observing positive intergroup relationships among in-
group members. - If negative relationships or hostility are observed instead,
this could reinforce or even worsen prejudice. - Effectiveness Depends on Identification with In-Group
Members who have outgroup friends - Possible Superficial Attitude Change
