group processing 1 Flashcards
Definition of intragroup?
Processes or interpersonal processes between 2 or more individuals
Definition of entitativity?
A collection of persons who seem to be bonded together on some level
Definition of low entitativity?
a mere collection of people
Definition of high entitativity?
shared goals and outcomes
What predicts entitativity for an observer?
- degree to which members interact
- apparent importance of group to members
- shared outcomes and common goals
- similarity
What is Lickel et al’s (2000) research?
-taxonomy of entitativity provides a good basis for groups
1. effects of presence of others on individual performance - no prior relationship between the people involved - loose associations, e.g. people who live on the same street, people who like rock music (4)
2. effects of task groups on team/ group performance- task groups, e.g. colleagues, committees, work groups
Definition of roles?
behaviours that are specific members are expected to undertake
Definition of status?
position or rank within a group; high and low status members. high status= greater access to resources
Definition of norms?
rules within a group suggesting how members should behave. following norms= increased status
Definition of cohesiveness?
forces that cause group members to remain in the group, e.g. liking, and desire to belong to the ‘right group’… groups that improve status
Definition of hazing?
initiation rituals increase cohesiveness and used to gain access to status groups- ostensibly voluntarily- memberships into group are given once ritual is completed- activity is often degrading- e.g. drinking games, sleep deprivation- activity is exclusive to that particular group, outsiders can’t understand
Definition of social facilitation/ inhibition?
effects upon performance due to the presence of others?
Presence of others improve performance?
when individual is highly skilled at task
Presence of others impede performance?
when individual is not skilled in the area, e.g when person is learning
What us Allport 1920’s study about/
- improvement in performance on well learnt/ easy tasks when in the presence of other of the same species.
- the presence of others makes simple tasks easier and complex tasks harder
What is Triplett 1898 study?
-found that children showed improvement in winding a fishing reel
possible explanations:
- mere presence of others
- evaluation apprehension
distraction-conflict
What is the ‘Drive Theory’ by Zajonc 1965?
the presence of others causes arousal (increased heart rate and blood pressure= readiness to response) which increases performing dominant responses. if correct it would lead to social facilitation. if incorrect it would lead to social inhibition.
Definition of evaluation apprehension?
the concern of being judged by others
What is Cotrell et al 1968’s research?
-believed that the mere presence of others does not always create arousal and is sometimes calming
- nonsense word pronunciation in front of Blindfolded vs seeing audience
- no facilitation effect on well learned tasks when the audience was blindfolded- can’t be mere presence
- support for evaluation apprehension explanation over mere presence
- but animals show facilitation effects- hens lay more eggs
What is the distraction- conflict by Baron 1986?
an individual performing a task, the presence of audience or co actors leads to; tendency to pay attention to audience or co-actors or, attentional conflict, or tendency to pay attention to task, leads to increased arousal drive and then social facilitation effects
What is the social facilitation theory in reference to sport? Worringham and Messick 1983
-university students inconspicuously timed while running
- ran alone or encountered a female confederate halfway
- confederate was facing (evaluation condition) or not facing (mere presence condition)
- runners accelerated in the evaluation condition but not the mere presence condition
Definition of social loafing?
reduction in effort when individuals work in groups compared to alone- increases with group size
What is Latane et al 1979’s research?
- earphones with shouting voices being played and blindfolded
- told to shout as loud as possible
- told they were shouting with one other person vs with a group (actually always just the participant shouting)
- 82% told shouting with one other person
- 76% told shouting in group
What does diffusion in responsibility in social loafing result in ?
motivation loss
What is Williams and Sommers 1997 research?
-individual differences
- ostracized men but not women loaf more
What is Karau and Williams research 1993?
- collectivist cultures less likely to loaf
- collective loaf model identifies a number of ways to reduce loafing; evaluation, smaller groups, meaningful tasks, undermine expectancy of fellow workers to perform poorly
What is a leader in a group?
the most influential or powerful person in a group.
a process of social influence, an individual enlists and mobilises the aid of others in the attainment of a collective goal.
can be a result of personality versus situational factors
What are attributes of leadership?
- it is not an innate attribute
- agreeableness; ability to get along with others
- conscientiousness; ability to care for others
- intelligence; openness, important for problem solving
- extraversion; positively associated with leadership
- emotional stability; neuroticism
What are situational factors?
characteristics of the leader and situation interact
some personalities more suited to some situations than others (war vs peace time)
desirable characteristics of the leader vary across collectivist and individualist culture
Definition of collectivist culture?
foster positive relationships; encourage cooperation
Definition of individualist culture?
reaching group goals; rewarding individual achievement
What are the leadership styles adapted by Lippitt and White 1943?
-autocratic= aloof, organize activities, meticulous, micro managing, task not people focussed orders- less liked and high productivity when leader is present
- democratic= discuss planning and decisions with group members- liked more and relatively high productivity
- laissez- faire= allows events to take their own course- little interest in the group, leaves the group to organize its own activities- less liked and low productivity
Types of leadership style?
- transformational leaders- nelson mandela, ghandi, jfk
- charasmatic- inspire
- individualized-respect for all group members
- intellectual stimulation- encourage novel approach to problems
