Pregnancy, nutrition and lactation Flashcards
How many more calories/day does a woman need in her 3rd trimester?
~200
What are 3 supplements for pregnancy?
Vitamin D
Folic acid
Protein
What is the role of vitamin D?
Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
What given prevents vitamin D deficiency?
10mcg cholecalciferol
Who is most at risk of a vital D deficiency?
Low sun exposure
Obesity
South Asian
Malnutrition
What can vitamin D deficiency lead to?
Rickets
Bone fragility
Obstetric complications
What does folic acid supplementation reduce the risk of?
Neural tube defects
What is the role of folate?
Acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA biosynthesis
What is the dose for folic acid?
400mcg or 5mg if increased risk
Give 4 things to be avoided in pregnancy
Vitamin A supplementation
Alcohol
Too much caffeine
Foods (cheeses etc)
What is lactation key for? (3)
Nutrition
Immunity
Bonding
What are the 3 types of breast milk and when do they occur?
Days 1-3: colostrum
Days 3-14: transitional
Days 14+: mature
What is colostrum?
High fat and nutritious first milk
Why is it good that colostrum has a small volume?
Allows babies to get rid of excess fluid without overloading kidneys
What 5 things is colostrum high in?
Antibodies WBCs Growth factors Vitamin A Vitamin K
What are the roles of immunoglobulins in lactation?
Maternal immune response creates IgAs against microbes in environment
Secreted into breast milk
What is the role of lysosomes in lactation?
Bacterial and anti-inflammatory action
How does lactation provide contraception?
Prolactin suppresses ovulation by suppressing gonadotrophin release
Describe the prolactin response
- baby suckles
- impulses sent from breast to brain
- prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary and sent to breast
- lactocytes produce milk
Describe the oxytocin reflex in lactation
- baby suckles
- impulses sent from breast to brain
- oxytocin secreted by posterior pituitary and sent to breast
- myoepithelial cells contract and expel milk
What is the role of FIL?
Feedback inhibitor of lactation
Causes lactocytes to ignore signals from prolactin when breast full
Why is frequent feeding needed?
read notes here
Prolactin receptor theory
FIL
Give 2 risks of not breastfeeding
Increased risk of gastroenteritis
pH imbalance
Increased risk of obesity, T1/2DM, dental malocclusion, respiratory tract infection, SIDS
