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Foetus MSc - Riona > Foetal and placental physiology > Flashcards

Foetal and placental physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones stimulate growth in late pregnancy?

A

Thyroid hormones

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2
Q

Give 3 functions of cortisol

A

Lung compliance and surfactant release
Induces beta receptor and glycogen deposition in liver
Villus production and induction of digestive enzymes

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3
Q

Give 3 modifications of the foetal circulation and describe them

A

Ductus venous - bypasses liver
Foramen ovale - blood from right to left atria
Ductus arteriosus - blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

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4
Q

What keeps the ductus arteriosus patent? (2)

A

PGE2

Prostacyclin

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5
Q

What occurs at birth in the foetal circulation?

A

Lungs fill with air
Decreased in pulmonary vascular resistance
Closure of DV, FO, DA

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6
Q

What is persistent foetal circulation?

A

DA fails to close

Pulmonary vascular resistance doesn’t fall

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7
Q

What does persistent foetal circulation lead to?

A

Cyanosis, hypoxia, brain tissue death, necrotising enterocolitis

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8
Q

What helps the foetal lungs absorb the fluid?

A

Adrenaline

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9
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

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10
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Decreases surface tension and prevents collapse of small alveoli on expiration

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11
Q

What is the prevention for RDS?

A

Antenatal steroids

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12
Q

What can cause pulmonary hypoplasia? (2)

A

Oligohydraminos

Decreased intrathoracic space

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13
Q

What are the 3 sources of foetal blood?

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. liver and spleen
  3. bone marrow
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14
Q

What is the benefit of HbF?

A

Increased affinity for O2 and releases it at a higher partial pressure (picks up and drops easier)

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15
Q

What is HbF made up of?

A

Two gamma and two alpha chains

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16
Q

Which thalassaemia is fatal?

A

Alpha

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17
Q

Read through immune system section

A

:)

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18
Q

What are 4 immunological defences for the foetus?

A

Amniotic fluid
Placenta
Liver and bone marrow
Interferon

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19
Q

What is the role of skin?

A

Protection and facilitates homeostasis

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20
Q

What is vernix?

A

Desquamated skin cells, cholesterol, glycogen

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21
Q

What does the vernix do?

A

Prevents insensible water loss

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22
Q

What are the 3 main problems of prematurity?

A

Feeding
Heat loss
Breathing

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23
Q

Describe the development of the alimentary tract (3)

A

4th week: straight tube
6th week: midgut herniates into base of umbilical cord
12th week: rotation and re-entry

24
Q

What does failure of re-entry of the gut lead to? (2)

A

Omphalocoele (sac)

Gastroschisis (no sac)

25
Q

What does a failure in swallowing lead to?

A

Polyhydraminos

26
Q

What does meconium stained liquor indicate?

A

Foetal distress
Post-term
Hypoxia

27
Q

Describe the development of the foetal liver (3)

A

Week 2-3: diverticulum from duodenum
Day 25: T shaped outgrowth invade by blood vessels (large part - parenchymal cells and hepatic ducts, small part - gallbladder)
Week 6: involved in haemopoiesis

28
Q

Describe the development of the kidney (2)

A

Metanephros: collecting system

Mesenchyme of nephrogenic cord: secretory system

29
Q

What can cause oligohydraminos?

A

Renal agenesis

30
Q

What may diminished foetal movement indicate?

A

Chronic hypoxia

Growth restriction

31
Q

What are the 4 behaviour states?

A

1F: no movements
2F: continuous eye, bursts of body movements
3F: eye movements, no body movements, higher HR
4F: ongoing active eye and body movements

32
Q

Which two behavioural states does the foetus prefer?

A

1F and 2F

33
Q

Describe the development of the amniotic sac

A

Week 12: amnion comes in contact with chorion

34
Q

Where does the amniotic fluid come from? (3)

A
  1. amnion
  2. foetal plasma through skin and umbilical cord
  3. foetal kidney and lung fluids
35
Q

What does the choriodecidum do?

A

Initiation of labour role

Produces PGE2 and PGF2

36
Q

What are the functions of amniotic fluid? (4)

A

Protection
Movement
Prevention of adhesions
Lung development

37
Q

How is calcium transported and acquired?

A

Active transport

Increased maternal PTH and absorption

38
Q

What are the functions of the placenta? (5)

A 
Protection
Nutrition
Respiration
Excretion
Hormone production
39
Q

What is the structure of the placenta derived from? (2)

A

Foetal component: chorion

Maternal component: endometrial adaptations

40
Q

How is water transported across the placenta?

A

Diffusion

41
Q

How are electrolytes transported across the placenta? (4)

A

Na: active transport
K: diffusion
Cl: active transport
I: active transport

42
Q

How is iron transported and acquired?

A

Active transport and increased absorption

43
Q

How is calcium acquired?

A

Increased maternal PTH and absorption

44
Q

How are water and fat soluble vitamins transported?

A

Water: active transport
Fat: diffusion

45
Q

What are the major and minor energy sources to the foetus and how are they transported?

A

Major: glucose, facilitated diffusion
Minor: amino acids and lactate, active transport

46
Q

How is glucose utilisation regulated?

A

Foetal hormones mobilise fatty acid stores
Maternal tissue less sensitive to insulin
Increased blood glucose
Foetal insulin resistance

47
Q

How does storage of glucose occur?

A

Hepatic glycogen and fat storage

48
Q

How is unconjugated bilirubin transported?

A

Diffusion

49
Q

How is maternal metabolism of amino acids made more efficient?

A

Progesterone causes decreased urea excretion

Decreased maternal hepatic AA deamination

50
Q

How are amino acids and urea transported?

A

AA: active transport
Urea: diffusion

51
Q

Give 5 hormones the placenta produces

A 
Progesterone
Oestrogen
Lactogen
Somatomammatrophin
Relaxin
52
Q

What do progesterone and oestrogen do?

A

Stimulate ovarian function

Maintain pregnancy by inhibiting myometrial contractions

53
Q

What does lactose and somatomammotrophin do?

A

Influences foetal growth
Stimulates mammary function
Assistes in parturition

54
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

Softens connective tissue in cervix and pelvic ligaments

Promotes elasticity of pelvic ligaments

55
Q

What maintains the glucose gradient?

A

Placenta makes lactate from glucose

56
Q

What pH changes cause release and uptake of O2?

A

Decreased maternal pH

Increased foetal blood pH - uptake

57
Q

Draw the 8 steps of induction to parturition

A
  1. limited space for foetus
  2. foetal hypothalamus
  3. foetal ACTH
  4. foetal cortisol
  5. placental oestrogen
  6. uterus PGF2alpha
  7. progesterone
  8. induction of parturition

Foetus MSc - Riona (10 decks)

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