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Ngozi's Family Health > Pregnancy II > Flashcards

Pregnancy II Flashcards

1
Q

What are some barriers to prenatal care?

A

Financial, Institutional practices, Denial, Cultural

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2
Q

Why is it important to take time with the client?

A

Avoid putting the client on the defensive

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3
Q

When should prenatal care begin?

A

First trimester

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4
Q

What should ideally be done before getting pregnant?

A

Preconception visit

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5
Q

What are the goals of the initial prenatal visit?

A

Confirm pregnancy, evaluate maternal health, assess growth and health of fetus, establish baseline data, evaluate psychosocial needs, assess needs for teaching, discuss plan of care for pregnancy

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6
Q

Which type of vaccines should not be given to mothers, what is an example that cannot be give?

A

live vaccines (can hard fetus), MMR cannot be given

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7
Q

What is the recommended folic acid intake for child-bearing age women?

A

400 mcg

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8
Q

What is the recommended folic acid intake during pregnancy?

A

600 mcg

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9
Q

What is the recommended folic acid intake for women with a history of neural tube defect?

A

4,000 mcg

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10
Q

What is EDD and how is it calculated?

A

EDD is calculated as 40 weeks from the LMP.

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11
Q

What is Nägele’s rule used for in determining the EDD?

A

Nägele’s rule is used to calculate the EDD by subtracting 3 months, adding 7 days, and correcting the year if necessary from the LMP

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12
Q

What factors are considered in determining the size of the fetus?

A

Ultrasound is used to determine the size and growth of the fetus.

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13
Q

How is Nagele’s rule calculated?

A

Date of last period - three months + 7 days

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14
Q

What does Nagele’s rule help calculate?

A

Gestational age

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15
Q

What does GP stand for in obstetric history?

A

Gravida (number of pregnancies) and para (number of births)

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16
Q

What does GTPAL stand for?

A

Gravida, term, preterm pregnancies, abortions, living children

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17
Q

How many weeks constitute a term pregnancy?

A

38-42 weeks

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18
Q

When are pregnancies considered preterm?

A

Anything below 38 weeks up to 21 weeks; and at 20 weeks they are considered abortions

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19
Q

What does the ‘A’ in GTPAL represent? what is the cutoff?

A

Abortions (spontaneous and induced). 20 weeks

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20
Q

What does the ‘L’ in GTPAL represent?

A

Living children

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21
Q

What does gravida G stand for?

A

Number of times pregnant

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22
Q

What is the term for a full-term pregnancy?

A

Term T = 38-42 weeks

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23
Q

What is considered preterm?

A

P = 20 weeks – 37 weeks and 6 days

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24
Q

What is considered an abortion?

A

A = anything less than 20 weeks

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25
Q

What are some components of the physical examination?

A

Height and weight, vital signs, fundal height, fetal heart sounds
Urinalysis, breast and reproductive organs

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26
Q

What is measured to determine the position and growth of the uterus?

A

Fundal height

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27
Q

How does BMI impact pregnancy?

A

25-35 pounds gained if regular BMI

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28
Q

Why are vital signs important in pregnancy?

A

Baseline for comparison

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29
Q

What is fundal height?

A

Measurement of pregnancy growth

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30
Q

Where should the fundal height be at 15 weeks?

A

Just above symphysis pubis

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31
Q

What can protein in the urine indicate?

A

Preeclampsia

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32
Q

Is finding of glucose in the urine alarming?

A

No, it is ok.

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33
Q

When can ketones in urine be observed?

A

Uncontrolled nausea/vomiting or dehydration

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34
Q

What can cause UTI during pregnancy?

A

Urinary stasis due to pressure on the uterus

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35
Q

What can discharge indicate?

A

Gonorrhea or chlamydia

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36
Q

What does blue cervix color indicate?

A

Pregnancy, known as Chadwick’s sign

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37
Q

How often are prenatal visits recommended during the first trimester?

A

Once a month

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38
Q

What should be monitored during ongoing visits?

A

Vital signs, progress of weight gain, urinalysis

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39
Q

What is the significance of fundal height? when is it relevant?

A

Approximately equal to gestational age. 20-32 weeks

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40
Q

What is the recommended frequency of prenatal visits?

A

monthly until third trimester, twice a month in the third trimester, every week closer to labor

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41
Q

When should prenatal visits be scheduled every week?

A

37 weeks to delivery

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42
Q

Why is it important for patients to void before measuring their fundal height?

A

ensures accuracy

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43
Q

What is the purpose of palpating the belly during ongoing visits? what is this called?

A

To determine how the baby is positioned. Leopold’s Maneuvers - looking for babies back and this is where you can hear heart tones the best, look for longest smoothest part to find baby

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44
Q

What can help stimulate movement of the baby? how many kicks do you want an hour? when are they felt most?

A

Drinking or eating. 10 kicks in an hour, felt more around 20 weeks

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45
Q

What are the signs of labor?

A

Effacement and dilation, rupture of membranes, contractions, bleeding

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46
Q

What can ultrasounds check during pregnancy?

A

Gender, placenta status, and location

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47
Q

When is the glucose screening test done?

A

24-28 weeks along

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48
Q

What is the purpose of the glucose screening test?

A

Check for gestational diabetes

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49
Q

What happens if the FSBS is 140 mg/dL or more?

A

Tolerance test

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50
Q

Why is RhoGAM given to negative RH mothers?

A

To prevent the mother from rejecting a positive RH baby

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51
Q

When is RhoGAM given?

A

At 28 weeks and within 72 hours post delivery (if baby is positive)

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52
Q

When is RhoGAM less crucial?

A

For the first birth

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53
Q

When would you want RhoGAM?

A

If there is any invasive procedure or risk for exposure

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54
Q

Why is a pap smear done?

A

To check for cancer

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55
Q

Why is screening for anxiety and depression important?

A

To ensure open communication

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56
Q

What is the focus of the 1st trimester?

A

On the mother

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57
Q

What is the focus of the 2nd trimester?

A

On the baby

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58
Q

What can happen during the 3rd trimester?

A

Anxiety and fear, checking on home life

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59
Q

What are some possible signs of a multifetal pregnancy?

A

Fundal height, N/V three times more often, fatigue and backache

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60
Q

Why might a pregnant woman have more frequent prenatal visits?

A

Multifetal pregnancy

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61
Q

What is the significance of increased fundal height?

A

Possible indication of multifetal pregnancy. increases by 4cm than is expected for gestational age.

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62
Q

How much weight should a mom gain for multifetal pregnancies?

A

37-54 pounds

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63
Q

Are more prenatal visits needed for multifetal pregnancies?

A

Yes

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64
Q

During which trimester will a mom with multifetal pregnancy be seen more frequently?

A

2nd trimester

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65
Q

What are some discomforts of pregnancy? upper body

A

NV, heartburn, backache, round ligament pain (R side), urinary frequency.

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66
Q

What is round ligament pain and where does it usually occur?

A

Pain in the round ligament; usually on the right side; it is pain that occurs when uterus and surrounding ligaments are stretching for baby

67
Q

What is a common issue with urinary system during pregnancy?

A

Urinary frequency

68
Q

What can cause heartburn during pregnancy?

A

progesterone decreases smooth muscle.

69
Q

How can backache be relieved during pregnancy?

A

Heat and tylenol, do not gain excess weight, pelvic tails, stretches

70
Q

How can round ligament pain be relieved?

A

Heat is really going to help

71
Q

Why do pregnant women experience urinary frequency?

A

Due to increased pressure

72
Q

What is the recommendation for drinking water during pregnancy?

A

Still drink plenty of water

73
Q

What are some discomforts of pregnancy? lower body

A

Hemorrhoids, constipation, leg cramps, varicose veins, dependent edema, urinary frequency

74
Q

What can help reduce inflammation from hemorrhoids?

A

Witch hazel

75
Q

How can constipation be relieved?

A

Increase movement, fiber, and water intake

76
Q

What can cause constipation?

A

Iron

77
Q

What should be done to alleviate leg cramps?

A

Point toe towards head (dorsoflex), take magnesium and calcium supplements

78
Q

What can help with varicose veins?

A

Compression stockings

79
Q

How should one position their legs to relieve dependent edema?

A

Rest with feet elevated

80
Q

What is the recommended use of hot tubs?

A

Limited

81
Q

Is douching considered good for health?

A

bad

82
Q

Why is it important to educate about breast care?

A

Breast stimulation can release oxytocin and stimulate labor

83
Q

What type of clothing is recommended for health?

A

Nonrestrictive

84
Q

What are some teaching points for exercise?

A

Beneficial in moderation

85
Q

What should be emphasized about sleep and rest?

A

Pillows

86
Q

What should be mentioned about sexual activity?

A

Safe with some precautions
culture considerations

87
Q

When should pregnant women avoid sexual activity?

A

Ruptured membranes and risk of preterm labor

88
Q

What should pregnant women remember about travel?

A

seatbelt under the belly,

89
Q

Until what gestational week is it generally considered safe to travel by plane?

A

36 weeks

90
Q

Are live vaccines safe?

A

No

91
Q

When should Tdap be given during pregnancy?

A

27-36 weeks

92
Q

Is smoking good for your health?

A

No

93
Q

Is alcohol consumption recommended?

A

No

94
Q

Are illicit drugs harmful?

A

Yes

95
Q

What should you do if you have a live vaccine?

A

Wait one month until you get pregnant

96
Q

What stages of pregnancy are covered in early pregnancy classes?

A

1st and 2nd trimester

97
Q

What is the focus of childbirth preparation classes?

A

Preparing for birth during the 3rd trimester

98
Q

What are some types of perinatal education?

A

Refresher courses, breastfeeding classes, parenting and infant care classes, sibling classes

99
Q

What are the recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy based on a normal pre-pregnancy BMI?

A

25-35 lbs.

100
Q

How much weight gain is recommended for adolescents during pregnancy?

A

Use adult BMI

101
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a multifetal pregnancy of normal BMI?

A

37-54 lbs.

102
Q

How much weight gain is typical in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Approx. 1.1-4.4 lbs.

103
Q

What is the recommended rate of weight gain per week for someone with a normal BMI after the first trimester?

A

1 lb./week afterwards

104
Q

how many calories on average do you need on average more than usual while pregnant?

A

2200-2900

105
Q

What is protein necessary for?

A

Metabolism, tissue synthesis, and tissue repair

106
Q

How long is the recommended healing time between births?

A

18-24 months

107
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, & K

108
Q

What can happen if there is excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity

109
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B6, B12, C, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, & niacin

110
Q

What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?

A

Excreted in urine

111
Q

Can toxicity occur with water-soluble vitamins?

A

Yes

112
Q

What is the role of folic acid?

A

Decreases occurrence of neural tube defects

113
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of folic acid for nonpregnant individuals?

A

400 mcg

114
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of folic acid during pregnancy?

A

600 mcg

115
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of folic acid for individuals with a previous child with neural tube defect?

A

4000 mcg (4 mg)

116
Q

What stays in the fat?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

117
Q

What are some sources of folic acid?

A

Leafy greens, legumes, beans, lentils, orange juice, cereal

118
Q

What are the side effects of iron supplementation?

A

N/V, heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, black stools

119
Q

What mineral helps with neural development?

A

Choline

120
Q

What should iron be taken with?

A

Vitamin C

121
Q

What type of supplements should be taken during pregnancy?

A

Prenatal vitamin supplements

122
Q

How much water should be consumed daily?

A

Approximately 10 cups

123
Q

What is one food precaution during pregnancy?

A

Avoid raw fish -high levels of mercury can damage fetal CNS

124
Q

What is one potential risk of consuming high levels of mercury during pregnancy?

A

Can damage fetal CNS

125
Q

What is one foodborne illness that can cause complications in pregnancy?

A

Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

126
Q

What type of food is commonly associated with Listeria infection?

A

Cold meats in the refrigerator

127
Q

What are the potential consequences of Listeria infection in pregnancy?

A

Stillbirths and preterm labor

128
Q

What is one source of toxoplasmosis that pregnant women should avoid?

A

Cat feces

129
Q

What are some food products pregnant women should avoid to prevent toxoplasmosis?

A

Unpasteurized products, undercooked eggs & meat, cold deli salads, raw sprouts

130
Q

What are some factors that influence weight gain?

A

Age, Knowledge, Exercise, Culture

131
Q

Is culture a factor that influences weight gain?

A

Yes

132
Q

Can cultural preferences influence whether food is served hot or cold?

A

Yes

133
Q

What are some nutritional risk factors?

A

Poverty, vegetarians/vegans, lactose intolerance, n/v, anemia.

134
Q

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

Nausea, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, intestinal cramping

135
Q

What should a woman do if she weighs less before pregnancy?

A

Might need to gain more weight

136
Q

What is one maternal condition that can pose a nutritional risk factor during pregnancy that is also a psychological disorder.

A

Eating disorders

137
Q

How long does it typically take for a woman to heal from her first pregnancy before having another?

A

18-24 months

138
Q

What is one nutritional recommendation for women with multiple fetuses?

A

Consume 300 extra calories per baby

139
Q

What are food cravings often related to?

A

Changes in senses

140
Q

What is pica?

A

Craving nonnutritive substances

141
Q

What do some cultures believe about cravings?

A

Cravings are the baby having a craving and it needs to be satisfied so they dont die

142
Q

How does smoking affect fetal growth?

A

Interferes with fetal growth

Spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, placental abruption, placenta previa, preterm birth, perinatal mortality, sudden infant death syndrome

143
Q

What is the recommended caffeine intake for pregnant women?

A

< 200 mg/day

144
Q

What can alcohol be associated with in the baby?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

145
Q

What is the recommended amount of coffee intake?

A

Up to 8 oz

146
Q

What are the risk factors for adolescents who are pregnant?

A

Higher risk for complications

147
Q

What is an important consideration for the growth of both the mother and the fetus in adolescent pregnancies?

A

Mother’s growth vs. fetal growth

148
Q

What approach should healthcare providers take when giving suggestions to pregnant adolescents?

A

Minimize suggestions

149
Q

What should healthcare providers focus on when caring for pregnant adolescents?

A

Important changes

150
Q

How can healthcare providers actively involve pregnant adolescents in their care?

A

Ask for her input

151
Q

How many additional calories does a lactating mother need during the first 6 months?

A

330 calories

152
Q

How many additional calories does a lactating mother need during the second 6 months?

A

400 calories

153
Q

Are there any food restrictions for a lactating mother?

A

No

154
Q

What should a lactating mother avoid consuming?

A

Alcohol and caffeine

155
Q

What is a safe rate of weight loss for a lactating mother that does not compromise milk supply?

A

1-1.5 lbs./week

156
Q

What should a nonlactating mother’s pre-pregnancy diet include to promote healing?

A

Protein and vitamin C

157
Q

What should a nonlactating mother continue to take after delivery?

A

Prenatal vitamins

158
Q

How long should a nonlactating mother wait after delivery before dieting?

A

Three weeks

159
Q

How long should they let their injuries heal before exercising after delivering?

A

3 weeks

160
Q

How much weight can be lost immediately?

A

10-13 lbs.

161
Q

How much weight can be lost during the first week?

A

7-11 lbs.

162
Q

What is the average weekly weight loss?

A

1-1.5 lbs.

163
Q

How much weight can be lost within the first year?

A

All but 2.2 lbs.

Ngozi's Family Health (7 decks)

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