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Ngozi's Family Health > Pregnancy II > Flashcards

Pregnancy II Flashcards

1
Q

What are some barriers to prenatal care?

A

Financial, Institutional practices, Denial, Cultural

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2
Q

What can happen if you don’t take time with the client?

A

They might feel defensive

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3
Q

When should prenatal care begin?

A

First trimester

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a preconception visit?

A

To ideally start prenatal care

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the initial prenatal visit?

A

Confirm pregnancy and evaluate maternal health

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6
Q

What are some things assessed during the initial prenatal visit?

A

Growth and health of fetus, maternal psychological needs, and teaching needs

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7
Q

What is discussed during the initial prenatal visit?

A

Plan of care for pregnancy

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8
Q

Can live vaccines be given to pregnant mothers?

A

No

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9
Q

Can MMR be given to pregnant mothers?

A

No

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10
Q

What is the recommended folic acid dosage for a non-pregnant person of childbearing age?

A

400 mcg

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11
Q

What is the recommended folic acid dosage for a pregnant person?

A

600 mcg

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12
Q

What is the recommended folic acid dosage for a person with a history of a neural tube defect?

A

4,000 mcg

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13
Q

What is the EDD?

A

40 weeks from LMP

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14
Q

What is Nägele’s rule?

A

subtract 3 months, add 7 days, and correct the year if necessary

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15
Q

What is a gestational wheel?

A

A tool used to estimate the gestational age

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16
Q

What is an ultrasound used for?

A

To determine the size of the fetus

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17
Q

What is Nagele’s rule used for?

A

Calculating expected delivery day

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18
Q

How does Nagele’s rule calculate expected delivery day?

A

Date of last period - three months + 7 days

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19
Q

What does Nagele’s rule calculate?

A

Gestational age

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20
Q

What does GP stand for in obstetric history?

A

G = # pregnancies, P = # pregnancies >20 wks.

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21
Q

What does GTPAL stand for?

A

G = gravida, T = term pregnancies delivered, P = preterm pregnancies delivered, A = abortions, L = living children

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22
Q

How many weeks does a term pregnancy last?

A

T = term pregnancies delivered; 38-42 weeks

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23
Q

How many weeks is considered a preterm delivery?

A

Anything below 38 weeks and up to 20 weeks

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24
Q

What does gravida G represent?

A

Number of pregnancies

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25
Q

What is the term for a pregnancy that lasts between 38 and 42 weeks?

A

Term pregnancy

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26
Q

What is the term for a pregnancy that ends between 20 weeks and 37 weeks and 6 days?

A

Preterm pregnancy

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27
Q

A 34-year-old female is 32 weeks pregnant with her first set of twins. She has three living children. Two of the three childrenwere each bornat 39 weeks gestation. One child was born at 24 weeks gestation. Two years ago, she had a miscarriage at 16 weeks gestation. What is her GTPAL?

A

_____________

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28
Q

A 42-year-old female is currently 16 weeks pregnant. She has two-year-old twins that were born at 39 weeks gestation and a stillbirth at 22 weeks gestation. What is her GTPAL?

A

______________

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29
Q

What is the term for a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks?

A

Abortion

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30
Q

What are some components of a physical examination?

A

Height and weight, vital signs, fundal height, fetal heart sounds

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31
Q

What measurements are taken for height and weight during a physical examination?

A

if patient has normal bmi you want mom to gain about 25 to 30 lbs

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32
Q

What are vital signs?

A

hypertension 130 twice in a doctors office

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33
Q

What is fundal height in terms of week 20 to 32 weeks?

A

from 20-32 wks.., fundal height in cm. is approx. equal to gestational age) ( not as accurate when there is more than one baby)

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34
Q

What are fetal heart sounds?

A

Fetal heart sounds

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35
Q

What is the impact of BMI on pregnancy weight gain?

A

25-35 pounds gained if they have a regular BMI at the start of their pregnancy

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36
Q

What vital signs should be monitored during pregnancy?

A

Baseline vital signs

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37
Q

Why is fundal height measured during pregnancy?

A

To track fetal growth at a certain rate

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38
Q

When should fundal height be measured at 15 weeks?

A

Just above the symphysis pubis

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39
Q

What should be monitored regarding fetal development?

A

Fetal heart sounds

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40
Q

What is a common test done during a physical examination?

A

Urinalysis

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41
Q

T/F monthly until third trimester after you go bimonthly and at 37 you wanna see them every week

A

TRUE

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42
Q

What areas of the body are examined during a physical examination?

A

Breast and reproductive organs because abnormalities can indicate infections

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43
Q

What can protein in the urine indicate during pregnancy?

A

Preeclampsia

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44
Q

What is an expected finding of glucose in the urine during pregnancy?

A

Normal 70 to 100

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45
Q

When can ketones in the urine occur?

A

Uncontrolled nausea/vomiting or dehydration

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46
Q

Why can a UTI occur during pregnancy?

A

Due to urinary stasis caused by pressure on the uterus

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47
Q

What can discharge indicate during pregnancy?

A

Gonorrhea or chlamydia

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48
Q

What does a blue cervix indicate during pregnancy?

A

Chadwick’s sign

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49
Q

How often should prenatal visits be scheduled during the first trimester?

A

Once a month

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50
Q

What are some things that are typically monitored during ongoing visits?

A

Vital signs, progress of weight gain, urinalysis, fundal height

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51
Q

What is correlated to fundal height?

A

Fundal height – from 20-32 wks.., fundal height in cm. is approx. equal to gestational age) ( not as accurate when there is more than one baby)

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52
Q

What is monitored during ongoing visits?

A

Vital signs, weight gain, urinalysis, fundal height

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53
Q

What is the recommended frequency of prenatal visits?

A

monthly until third trimester, twice a month in the 3rd trimester, every week closer to labor

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54
Q

When should prenatal visits be closer to each other?

A

37 weeks to delivery; once a week

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55
Q

Why is it important for pregnant women to void before measuring their fundal height?

A

ensures accuracy

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56
Q

What is the purpose of palpating the belly during an ongoing visit?

A

To determine how the baby is positioned

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57
Q

Why would a healthcare provider want to feel the baby’s back during an ongoing visit?

A

To hear the baby’s heart tones the best

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58
Q

What is quickening?

A

The fluttering feeling when the baby is moving

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59
Q

What is the recommended number of kick counts in an hour?

A

At least 10

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60
Q

What can help stimulate movement of the baby during an ongoing visit?

A

Drinking or eating

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61
Q

Looking for babies back and this is where you can hear heart tones the best, look for longest smoothest part to find baby

A

Leopold’s Maneuvers

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62
Q

What are some signs of labor?

A

Effacement and dilation, rupture of membranes, contractions, bleeding

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63
Q

What is the purpose of ultrasounds during an ongoing visit?

A

To check the baby’s gender, how the placenta is doing, and its location

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64
Q

When do you start counting quickens?

A

Quickening, kick counts - looks for a specific number within an hour 10 kicks/hr
start counting at 20 weeks along, baby is felt more

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65
Q

What is the purpose of a glucose screening?

A

To check for gestational diabetes

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66
Q

When is the glucose screening typically done?

A

Around 24-28 weeks

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67
Q

What is the cutoff value for the one-hour glucose screening?

A

140 mg/dL or more

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68
Q

When would you want to administer RhoGam?

A

she will get this at 28 weeks, so mom’s antibodies do not attack baby and then 72 hours after birth

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69
Q

What additional test is done if the one-hour glucose screening indicates high levels?

A

Tolerance test

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70
Q

What is RhoGAM used for?

A

Isoimmunization; RH positive baby with RH negative mom

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71
Q

What are some routine examinations that are done during ongoing visits?

A

Pelvic exam and Pap smear

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72
Q

What are two common mental health concerns during pregnancy?

A

Anxiety and depression

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73
Q

Why is RhoGAM given to a negative RH mother?

A

To prevent rejection of a positive blood type baby

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74
Q

When is RhoGam given?

A

At 28 weeks and within 72 hours post delivery

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75
Q

When would you want to administer RhoGam?

A

After invasive procedures like amniocentesis

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76
Q

What is the purpose of a pelvic exam and Pap smear?

A

To check for cancer

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77
Q

Why is screening for anxiety and depression done during pregnancy?

A

For open communication and support

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78
Q

What is the focus of each trimester?

A

1st: Mother, 2nd: Baby, 3rd: Roller coaster, checking on home life

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79
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of a multifetal pregnancy?

A

N/V three times more often, fatigue and backache

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80
Q

Why might a pregnant person with a multifetal pregnancy need more frequent prenatal visits?

A

To monitor the development and health of multiple fetuses

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81
Q

How does fundal height change in multifetal pregnancies?

A

Increases by 4 cm more than expected for gestational age

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82
Q

How much weight should a mother gain in a multifetal pregnancy?

A

37-54 pounds

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83
Q

How often should a mother with multifetal pregnancies have prenatal visits?

A

More frequent prenatal visits

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84
Q

During which trimester will mothers with multifetal pregnancies be seen more?

A

2nd trimester

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85
Q

What is N/V?

A

Morning sickness; hormone changes

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86
Q

What is a common discomfort of pregnancy?

A

Heartburn; because of progesterone decreasing the smooth muscles

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87
Q

What is another discomfort of pregnancy?

A

Backache

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88
Q

What causes round ligament pain?

A

Stretching of ligaments usually on the right side

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89
Q

What is a common urinary symptom during pregnancy?

A

Urinary frequency

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90
Q

What can cause heartburn during pregnancy?

A

Decreased progesterone

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91
Q

How can backache during pregnancy be alleviated?

A

Heat, tylenol, do not gain excessive weight

92
Q

What is round ligament pain?

A

Pain in the ligament on the uterus

93
Q

Where is round ligament pain usually felt?

A

On the right side

94
Q

What can help with urinary frequency during pregnancy?

A

Drinking plenty of water

95
Q

What can help with the inflammation of hemorrhoids?

A

witch hazel

96
Q

What are some ways to alleviate constipation?

A

movement, fiber, water

97
Q

How can leg cramps be managed?

A

point toe towards head, magnesium and calcium supplements

98
Q

What can be used to alleviate varicose veins?

A

compression stockings

99
Q

What can help with dependent edema?

A

resting with feet elevated

100
Q

What is the importance of daily bathing?

A

Good for hygiene

101
Q

How should hot tub use be approached?

A

Limited

102
Q

Is douching considered good or bad?

A

bad

103
Q

What should be done in terms of breast care?

A

educate about breast stimulation, don’t use soap on nipples

104
Q

Can breast stimulation release oxytocin?

A

Yes

105
Q

What type of clothing should be worn for health behaviors?

A

Nonrestrictive

106
Q

What can help decrease nausea and vomiting?

A

Separating fluids from meals

107
Q

What are some health behaviors related to exercise?

A

Beneficial in moderation

108
Q

What is important for sleep and rest during pregnancy?

A

Pillows

109
Q

Is sexual activity safe during pregnancy?

A

Yes

110
Q

Are there any sexual taboos during pregnancy?

A

Yes

111
Q

When is sexual activity not safe during pregnancy?

A

Ruptured membranes or at risk for preterm labor

112
Q

What should pregnant women do during travel?

A

Proper seat belt use

113
Q

Where should the seat belt go for pregnant women on a plane?

A

Under the belly

114
Q

Until what week is it generally safe to travel by plane?

A

36 weeks

115
Q

Are live vaccines safe?

A

Not safe

116
Q

When is Tdap recommended?

A

27-36 weeks

117
Q

Is smoking good for health?

A

Not good

118
Q

Is alcohol consumption bad for health?

A

Bad

119
Q

Are illicit drugs good for health?

A

Really bad

120
Q

If you have a live vaccine, what should you do before getting pregnant?

A

Wait one month

121
Q

What is the focus of perinatal education?

A

Preparing for pregnancy and childbirth

122
Q

What topics are covered in preconception classes?

A

Preparing for pregnancy

123
Q

What stages of pregnancy are covered in early pregnancy classes?

A

1st and 2nd trimester

124
Q

What type of classes are available for exercise during pregnancy?

A

Exercise classes

125
Q

What trimester is childbirth preparation covered in?

A

3rd trimester

126
Q

What types of classes does Perinatal Education offer?

A

Refresher courses, breastfeeding classes, parenting and infant care classes, sibling classes

127
Q

What are the recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy for women with a normal BMI?

A

Gain 25 to 35 lbs.

128
Q

What should the weight gain recommendations be for adolescents with a normal BMI during pregnancy?

A

Use adult BMI

129
Q

What are the weight gain recommendations for women with a multifetal pregnancy and a normal BMI?

A

Gain 37 to 54 lbs.

130
Q

How much weight gain is considered normal in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Approx. 1.1 to 4.4 lbs.

131
Q

What is the recommended weight gain per week for women with a normal BMI after the first trimester?

A

1 lb./week

132
Q

What is energy?

A

Calculated in kilocalories

133
Q

What is the average calorie intake needed in pregnancy?

A

2200-2900 calories/day

134
Q

What are the additional calorie needs in the first trimester?

A

No additional needs

135
Q

What are the additional calorie needs in the second trimester?

A

Increase of 340 calories

136
Q

What are the additional calorie needs in the third trimester?

A

Increase of 452 calories

137
Q

What are the additional calorie needs in the first 6 months of lactation?

A

330 calories

138
Q

What are the additional calorie needs in the second 6 months of lactation?

A

400 calories

139
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Macronutrients that provide energy

140
Q

What are sources of simple sugars?

A

Fruits and vegetables

141
Q

What are sources of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starches like cereal, pasta, and potatoes

142
Q

How many grams of carbohydrates are needed per day for nonpregnant individuals?

A

130 g/day

143
Q

How many grams of carbohydrates are needed per day during pregnancy?

A

175 g/day

144
Q

How many grams of carbohydrates are needed per day during lactation?

A

210 g/day

145
Q

What are proteins necessary for?

A

Metabolism, tissue synthesis, tissue repair

146
Q

How much protein increase is needed during pregnancy?

A

25 g/day

147
Q

How much protein is needed per day in nonpregnant individuals?

A

46 g/day

148
Q

How much protein is needed per day during pregnancy?

A

71 g/day

149
Q

How much protein is needed per day during lactation?

A

71 g/day

150
Q

How long does it take to heal between births?

A

18-24 months

151
Q

What do fats provide?

A

Energy and fat-soluble vitamins

152
Q

What are the recommended daily intake of fats for a nonpregnant person?

A

10% of total food intake/day

153
Q

What are the recommended daily intake of fats during pregnancy?

A

20-35% of total food intake/day

154
Q

How much fats should be consumed daily?

A

6-8 tsp./day

155
Q

What type of fats should be consumed mostly?

A

Unsaturated fats

156
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, & K

157
Q

What can happen with excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity

158
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B6, B12, C, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, & niacin

159
Q

What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?

A

Excreted in urine

160
Q

Can toxicity occur with excess water-soluble vitamins?

A

Yes

161
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for nonpregnant individuals?

A

400 mcg

162
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?

A

600 mcg

163
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for individuals with a previous child with neural tube defect?

A

4000 mcg (4 mg)

164
Q

What is the benefit of folic acid intake?

A

Decreases occurrence of neural tube defects

165
Q

Name some natural sources of folic acid?

A

Leafy greens, legumes, beans, lentils, orange juice

166
Q

What food product also contains folic acid?

A

Cereal

167
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of iron?

A

27 mg/daily

168
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of iron supplementation?

A

60-120 mg/day

169
Q

What are the side effects of iron supplementation?

A

N/V, heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, and black stools

170
Q

What mineral helps with neural development?

A

Choline

171
Q

What should iron be taken with?

A

Vitamin C

172
Q

What are some other recommendations?

A

Prenatal vitamin supplements, Water intake, choosemyplate.gov

173
Q

How much water should be consumed daily?

A

Approximately 10 cups

174
Q

What food should you avoid during pregnancy?

A

Raw fish

175
Q

What can high levels of mercury do to the fetus?

A

Damage fetal CNS

176
Q

What can Listeria monocytogenes cause?

A

Listeriosis

177
Q

Where can Listeria monocytogenes be found?

A

Refrigerator with cold meats

178
Q

What can Listeria monocytogenes cause in pregnancy?

A

Stillbirths and preterm labor

179
Q

What can cause Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy?

A

Unpasteurized products, undercooked eggs & meat, cold deli salads, raw sprouts, and cat feces

180
Q

What are some factors that influence weight gain?

A

Age, Knowledge, Exercise, Culture

181
Q

How does age influence weight gain?

A

No answer provided

182
Q

How does knowledge influence weight gain?

A

No answer provided

183
Q

How does exercise influence weight gain?

A

No answer provided

184
Q

What should be considered before making assumptions related to culture?

A

Assess each woman individually

185
Q

What can hot or cold food be influenced by?

A

Cultural factors

186
Q

Give examples of cultures where hot or cold food preferences exist.

A

Asian and Latino

187
Q

What are some nutritional risk factors?

A

Poverty

188
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

nausea, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, and intestinal cramping

189
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

A

see slide on minerals

190
Q

What are the nutritional risk factors associated with abnormal prepregnancy weight?

A

Need to gain more if you weigh less

191
Q

What are the nutritional risk factors associated with eating disorders?

A

Eating disorders

192
Q

How long does it take to heal up from the first pregnancy in the case of multiparity?

A

18-24 months

193
Q

How many additional calories should be consumed for each baby in the case of multifetal pregnancy?

A

300 calories more per baby

194
Q

What is pica?

A

Craving nonnutritive substances

195
Q

What may food cravings be related to?

A

Changes in senses

196
Q

What do some cultures believe cravings during pregnancy signify?

A

Baby’s craving needs to be satisfied

197
Q

What is one substance that interferes with fetal growth?

A

Smoking

198
Q

What is the recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy?

A

< 200 mg/day

199
Q

How many milligrams of caffeine are in an 8 oz cup of coffee?

A

137 mg

200
Q

How many milligrams of caffeine are in an 8 oz cup of brewed tea?

A

48 mg

201
Q

How many milligrams of caffeine are in a 12 oz can of cola beverages?

A

37 mg

202
Q

How many milligrams of caffeine are in a packet of cocoa mix?

A

8-12 mg/packet

203
Q

What is the association of alcohol with pregnancy?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

204
Q

Are drugs dangerous to both mom and baby?

A

Yes

205
Q

What is the recommended amount of coffee that is considered okay?

A

up to 8 oz

206
Q

What are some potential complications for adolescents who are pregnant?

A

Higher risk for complications

207
Q

How does the growth of the mother compare to the growth of the fetus?

A

Mother’s growth vs. fetal growth

208
Q

What are some common concerns about pregnancy for adolescents?

A

Body image concerns

209
Q

How should suggestions be approached when working with pregnant adolescents?

A

Minimize suggestions

210
Q

What should be the focus when working with pregnant adolescents?

A

Focus on important changes

211
Q

What is a helpful approach when working with pregnant adolescents?

A

Ask for her input

212
Q

How many extra calories does a lactating mother need in the first 6 months?

A

330 calories

213
Q

How many extra calories does a lactating mother need in the second 6 months?

A

400

214
Q

Are there any food restrictions for a lactating mother?

A

No

215
Q

What should a lactating mother avoid?

A

Alcohol and caffeine

216
Q

What is a safe rate of weight loss for a lactating mother?

A

1-1.5 lbs./week

217
Q

Will weight loss compromise milk supply?

A

No

218
Q

What should you be aware of when it comes to your baby and food?

A

Some foods can aggravate your baby.

219
Q

What diet is recommended for a nonlactating mother?

A

Pre-pregnancy recommended diet

220
Q

What nutrients promote healing for a nonlactating mother?

A

Protein and vitamin C

221
Q

Should a nonlactating mother continue taking prenatal vitamins?

A

Continue prenatal vitamins

222
Q

How long should a nonlactating mother wait before dieting after delivery?

A

Wait three weeks after delivery

223
Q

How long should they let the injuries heal before exercising?

A

3 weeks

224
Q

How much weight can be lost immediately?

A

10-13 lbs.

225
Q

How much weight can be lost during the first week?

A

7-11 lbs.

226
Q

How much weight can be lost per week?

A

1-1.5 lbs.

227
Q

How much weight can be lost within the first year?

A

All but 2.2 lbs.

Ngozi's Family Health (7 decks)

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