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Equine Breeding Managment > Pregnancy and Foaling > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Foaling Flashcards

1
Q

What is formed on the embryo on day 6?

A

Glycoprotein capsule- moves into the uterus and makes the embryo strong and recognizable

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2
Q

What is happening from days 8-16?

A

The embryo has trans uterine movement- making continues contact with all parts of the uterus

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3
Q

What is formed in the embryo on day 14?

A

The yolk sac

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4
Q

What is happening on days 16-17?

A

Fixation and amnion- embryo is stuck at the base of one of the horns

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5
Q

What is happening on day 25?

A

Chorionic girdle developing- heartbeat is now detectable

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6
Q

What is happening on day 35?

A

Endometrial cups form girdle- cups secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin

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7
Q

Name classification before day 58

A

Embryo

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8
Q

Name classification after day 58

A

Fetus

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9
Q

What can happen at day 60?

A

Transrectal fetal sexing

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10
Q

What is the earliest day embryo flushing should start at

A

Day 6 1/2 - 7

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11
Q

Where is equine chorionic gonadotrophin produced at

A

The endometrial cups

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12
Q

What is the function of eCG

A

Acts on the LH receptor, supports the CL, causes secondary Cl formation

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13
Q

What does eCG do in other species

A

Acts on FSH receptors in other species and causes super ovulation

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14
Q

When is the first luteal response

A

Normal ovulation to CL

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15
Q

When is the second luteal response

A

when ECG begins to be produced and stimulates the first Cl to continue producing progesterone (rescuing primary CL day 35

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16
Q

When is the third luteal response

A

Formation of secondary Cl due to ECG

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17
Q

What does the fetoplacental unit do

A

From day 120 on it maintains the pregnancy by estrogens and 5 alpha pregnanes

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18
Q

When should you use supplemental progesterone

A

During the first 100-120 days

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19
Q

Characteristic of a diffused placenta and epitheliochorial

A

The attachment is all over, no blood to blood transfusion and the transfer of nutrients is less efficient

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20
Q

What is NI

A

Antibodies in the colostrum

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21
Q

What happens on day 240 that reduces dystocia

A

Foal’s back legs get tucked into a uterine horn

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22
Q

One horse breeding advantage over cattle

A

No need for a small stallion on maiden mares- fetus will grow as much as the uterus allows

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23
Q

Why causes early embryonic death

A

No recognition of pregnancy, no EC formed- day 60 of pregnancy check is advised after cups have formed

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24
Q

Two reasons why twins are undesirable

A

Cannot get enough nutrients for both placentas and the type of uterus cannot handle twin size

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25
Q

Most common twin management

A

Pinching on day 15-16 before fixation, 90% success rate

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26
Q

General process of pinching

A

each embryo is moved into a horn and one is squished against the side of the uterus

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27
Q

Alternative twin management methods

A

Moniter for double ovulation, aspiration (30%), intracardiac injection (penicillin 40%)

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28
Q

Three ultrasound exams that are recommended

A

12-15 days (twin monitor), day 25 (heartbeat), and 60 (ensure mare is pregnant after endometrial cups have formed)

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29
Q

Artifact

A

White spots on the top and bottom of the embryo

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30
Q

Uterus tone

A

Should increase to uterus and cervix days 15-16 (due to progesterone)

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31
Q

Size of uterus at day 25

A

golf ball sized

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32
Q

Other methods of pregnancy diagnosis

A

Teasing, blood tests, hormone level tests

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33
Q

Early embryonic death

A

Affects 2.5-25% of pregnancies, common in 18+ mares

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34
Q

What does the herpes virus do

A

Causes abortions, attacks blood supply to the placenta

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35
Q

Herpes virus type

A

EHV-1 subtype V

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36
Q

When should herpes vaccination be given

A

At months 5,7, and 9 (60 days)

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37
Q

How should body condition scores be managed

A

Checked every month, should be 6-6+, critical time is last 2-3 months (lactation)

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38
Q

How is toxicosis identified

A

Leaves form a collar at the bases of the stems- hardy plant

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39
Q

What does fescue produce and what does it do

A

produces ergot alkaloid - ergovaline, blocks dopamine receptors

40
Q

What is impacted by fescue toxicosis

A

Inhibits prolactin, vasoconstriction, lowers fetal cortisol (longer gestation)

41
Q

How to prevent fescue toxicosis

A

Dry lot the mare from days 30-90

42
Q

What is the normal gestation period

A

320-360 days (340 average)

43
Q

Domperidone

A

Helps countereffect the ergot alkaloid (give two weeks before birth if there is no dry lot system)

44
Q

Prefoaling vaccines

A

An annual booster given thirty days prior to foaling so that the mare has a peak of antibodies in the bloodstream (will be in foal colostrum)

45
Q

When should late gestation mares be moved

A

Arrive at new facility thirty days prior to foaling- will adjust to new microbes

46
Q

What are caslicks

A

A seal the vulva makes to keep out bacteria- have to cut open

47
Q

Start of fetal viability

A

Day 320

48
Q

Primiparous mare

A

Maiden mare- don’t show a predictable trend for getting ready to foal

49
Q

Multiparous mare

A

tend to show development steady over time

50
Q

Udder filling

A

Begins 2-6 weeks before foaling, teats fill with milk in last week, waxing in final days, dripping/ streaming in final hours before birth

51
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

vulva relaxes in the final days, cervix dilates but cannot be monitored (too invasive)

52
Q

electrolytes in mammary secretions

A

sodium decreases while potassium increases, milk calcium increases 24 hours before foaling

53
Q

Ph levels

A

Drop before foaling

54
Q

Complications of colic while foaling

A

uterine torsion

55
Q

What is premature udder a sign of

A

A mare is going to abort quickly

56
Q

Vulva discharge with color is a sign of what

A

Infection of the placenta in gestation

57
Q

Why are abnormally large abdomens difficult

A

Can rupture tendons holding the uterus- prepubic tendon rupture

58
Q

Why is there an association between laminitis and late gestation

A

Pregnancy hormones can cause laminitis- pregnancy induced laminitis

59
Q

Why do we foal in straw?

A

Shavings stick to everything

60
Q

When do most horses foal

A

8pm-6am

61
Q

Methods of foal watch

A

Check in morning, night watch, video monitoring, automated devices

62
Q

Kinds of automatic devices

A

Surcingle transmitter, halter transmitter, vulva magnets

63
Q

Hormone cascade of partruition

A

Fetal adrenal cortisol (fetal stress) causes placental PGF2A to release (uterine contractions) increasing oxytocin receptors

64
Q

What happens when oxytocin receptors increase

A

Milk let down, surge with Ferguson reflux, uterine contractions

65
Q

Is induction common

A

No, if needed give oxytocin never corticosteroids

66
Q

What is the water breaking

A

Allantochorion breaks

67
Q

What happens in a red bag delivery

A

Allantochorion does not break, (1.5-2% of foaling’s)

68
Q

What should happen during the first stage of parturition

A

Initial uterine contractions position foal, cervix dilates, ends with the rupture of the allantochorion

69
Q

Urine vs amnionic fluid

A

smells different, horse should immediate become uncomfortable after water breaking, amnionic fluid is brown

70
Q

Signs of stage one

A

Lip curling, biting at sides, sweating (from oxytocin and prostaglandins)

71
Q

Righting reflex

A

Foal starts to turn at the end of stage one and the beginning of stage two

72
Q

Red flag in stage one

A

Placenta previa-

73
Q

Premature placental separation

A

Unattached from the uterus early- foals oxygen is now limited

74
Q

Second stage of parturition

A

Water breaking to foal being born

75
Q

Foal presentation

A

anterior longitudinal (foals head toward mare’s vulva)

76
Q

Foal position

A

dorso -sacral (foal’s back to mare’s spine for proper position)

77
Q

Foal posture

A

head, neck, and forelimbs extended (location of extremities)

78
Q

Red flags at stage two of parturition

A

foal not in correct orientation or taking too long to be born

79
Q

Ferguson reflex

A

stretching of the birth canal causes a surge of the hormones that help deliver the foal (mainly oxytocin)

80
Q

Delayed progress of birthing

A

At 20 minutes assistance should be given, at partial delivery, the foal cannot get enough oxygen when the placenta detaches

81
Q

How much time before an exponential of foal loss

A

40 minutes

82
Q

How long do we want stage two to last

A

Less than 30 minutes

83
Q

Dystocia occurs in

A

10% of deliveries- thoroughbreds, drafts and minis

84
Q

Malposture

A

misplacement of limbs or head (61% of dystocia’s)

85
Q

Malpresentation

A

turned around (foal hind is facing vulva) Breach

86
Q

Malposition

A

upside down

87
Q

Other causes of dystocia

A

Large fetus, weak maternal contractions, exhausted mare

88
Q

Assisted vaginal delivery

A

elevate hind end and push foal in to manipulate position

89
Q

Cesarean section

A

80-85% mare survival

90
Q

Fetotomy

A

foal is taken out in pieces, saw through leg joints

91
Q

How do we prepare the mare for foaling

A

Wash udder, put a leather halter on, braid and wrap tail

92
Q

How do we prepare the stalls for foaling

A

Put straw in stall, extra water buckets for mare, lead rope on both sides of the stall

93
Q

Consequences of NIs

A

Foal becomes lethargic and mucus turns yellow

94
Q

When does placentation start

A

Day 40- 95

95
Q

Cervico cranial dislocation procedure

A

Break fetus neck through flank incision- low success rate

Equine Breeding Managment (3 decks)

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