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Equine Breeding Managment > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

between the hind legs away from the body, pendulous, protects the testes

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2
Q

When do the testes descend

A

Between the last 30 days of gestation to the first 10 days postpartum

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3
Q

Cryptorchidism (ridgling)

A

One or both testes do not descend into the scrotum

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4
Q

Why is cryptorchidism undesirable

A

Most males are castrated and castrating one is very expensive ($2,000)

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5
Q

Bilateral C/R

A

No testes in the scrotum at all- not fertile

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6
Q

Unilateral C/R

A

Only one teste descends into the scrotum- still fertile

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7
Q

Testes

A

Sperm and testosterone production, oval shaped, horizontal orientation

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8
Q

Equine sperm

A

Tail is offset to one side of the head, swims in large arcs

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9
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm maturation and storage, tail of the epididymis is towards the end of the stallion, head is towards head

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10
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

Blood comes from an artery coming from the body to the testes and the veins around that artery cool the blood

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11
Q

Tunica dartos

A

One of the external muscles that goes around the whole scrotum- muscle is temperature dependent

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12
Q

Skin

A

has temperature sensitive sweat glands to help with evaporative cooling when temp is hot

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13
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Not temperature dependent- a fight or flight muscle (sensitive to touch and the enviroment)

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14
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

ejaculate is a mix of seminal fluid and spermatozoa

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15
Q

Ampulla

A

two, secretions buffer and protect the sperm

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16
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

produce post ejaculate, gel fraction (very thick and viscous) gel fraction prevents sperm from getting through from other stallions

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17
Q

Prostate gland

A

produce post ejaculate, cleanse urethra after sperm has passed

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18
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

responsible for producing the pre sperm fraction (cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation)

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19
Q

Urethra

A

common passageway for both urine and semen, clean out any smegma one time a year (or bean) (geldings and stallions) if cleaned too often, the beneficial bacteria can be decreased

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20
Q

Smegma

A

Substance that protects the skin

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21
Q

Sheath

A

tissue that surrounds the non-erect penis, above prepuce

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22
Q

Prepuce and sheath

A

protect the penis itself, sheath cleaning

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23
Q

Penis

A

Musculo cavernosis, delivers ejaculate into cervix, bell shaped

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24
Q

Glands penis

A

bells out after breeding X4 size (stretches the cervix) causes an oxytocin release in mare to contract and take in ejaculate

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25
Q

Pre sperm fraction

A

Cleanses urethra (BG)

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26
Q

Sperm rich fraction

A

(75-95% of sperm) ampulla secretions in here as well

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27
Q

Post sperm fraction or gel fraction

A

seminal vesicle and prostate secretions

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28
Q

HPT-If given exogenous hormone

A

leads to less testosterone in testes, and less GnRH, sperm production

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29
Q

Leydig cells

A

in interstitium (between the tubules) , LH targets cells, cells produce testosterone

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30
Q

Sertoli cells

A

in seminiferous tubules, FSH targets cells, cells care for developing sperm

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31
Q

What is testosterone vital for

A

Spermatogenesis and libido

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32
Q

Stallion secondary sex characteristics

A
  • Cresty neck, shiny coat, large jowls, and muscling
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33
Q

Seasonal effects- off season

A

Libido, sperm production, plasma hormone concentrations, and testicular weight and size is reduced

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34
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm cells, located in the seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

Blood testes barrier

A

separates basal and luminal layers, blocks blood from destroying sperm with small chromosome numbers

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36
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

60 days- one sperm cell from the bottom to reach the top

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37
Q

What is included in spermatogenesis

A

Spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis

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38
Q

Order of sperm travel

A

Seminiferous tubule lumen, rete testis, efferent duct, epididymis, efferent duct, urethra

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39
Q

Mitochondrial sheath in midpiece is important for what

A

Energy for sperm to move

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40
Q

When do we do a semen evaluation

A

Every time we collect a stallion

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41
Q

Semen handing

A

Ejaculate will be damaged in UV light and weather

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42
Q

Semen color

A

Anything from white to light tan is normal- red could indicate blood in sample

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43
Q

Semen Opacity

A

Affected by sperm count, the more concentrated, the more opaque

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44
Q

Semen Consistency

A

Should be watery, if thick there could be gel fraction in sample

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45
Q

Semen contamination

A

Blood, smegma, and urine

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46
Q

Volume of semen

A

Start with total- entire ejaculate with all components included

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47
Q

Gel free sample- most important sample

A

Total minus gel, filtered sample that keeps gel back- in line gel filter keeps sperm cells from mixing with gel

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48
Q

pH testing

A

Normal 7.2-7.7, with ph meter, abnormally high with contamination or infection

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49
Q

Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer

A

Shows motility, morphology, concentration, consistent- used by large stallion centers

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50
Q

I sperm

A

Mini CASA, Ipad app with kit- motility, morphology, concentration

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51
Q

Primary defects- worst to have

A

Primarily the result of spermiogenesis gone wrong- head and midpiece

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52
Q

Secondary defects

A

Tail, have to do with error during storage or handling

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53
Q

Hancock/eosin - nigrosine stain

A

add semen drop, mix, background will be purple, eosin will stain sperm head pink if damaged, generally heat fix can look at defects now – count 100 cells, then get percent of sperm that is normal

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54
Q

Morphology

A

used at the beginning of season, then spot check as season goes on (concerns)- see if sperm is being handled correctly

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55
Q

Concentration method 1- Hemocytometer (special slide)

A

Dilute 1:100 in formalin, can be run on the raw and extended samples, can be used to count doses from straws

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56
Q

Unipette

A

vial with amount of formalin in bottom, puncture hole in the top and insert the capillary tube with sample into the hole and release

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57
Q

Hemocytometer resupply kit

A

Vial has formalin in it, two capillary tubes, mix and shake formalin and sample together

58
Q

Densimeter

A

measures just formalin, then passes light through the sperm cell sample (measures bounced back light waves to estimate concentration) – pretty accurate, very concentrated or very dilute, contamination can cause an overestimation- takes 4 minutes, only raw semen can be used with this method (extender bounces light back)

59
Q

Motility

A

Look at 10 sperm cells and decide motility – use number to determine percentage (2/10= 20%)

60
Q

Semen extender

A

extender is skim milk based, contains sugar and antibiotics, dilutes seminal plasma, gives sperm more room to move

61
Q

Raw semen motility

A

First, take ejaculate and split it in two (one tube has just ejaculate and the other one has a little raw with extender)

62
Q

Extended semen

A

we look for percentage of progressively motile sperm cells with this sample

63
Q

Why do we look at raw and extended semen

A

We look at both to make sure if there is dead sperm its from the stallion himself or human error in the extender or handling
– knowing volume does not mean there are a certain number of sperm cells

64
Q

What to use to determine if a horse should be bred

A

Valuable genetic qualities, purpose for foal and possibility of market, economic benefit vs sentimental reasons, ability to manage pregnant mare, ability to manage and train foal

65
Q

Maiden mare

A

Has never been bred or had a foal

66
Q

Foaling mare

A

Having a foal then cycling back and being bred again

67
Q

Not bred

A

She’s had a foal but not been bred this year

68
Q

Aborted/ slipped

A

Mare that has lost a foal but we do not know when she aborted it

69
Q

Barren mare

A

Tried to get the mare pregnant and failed

70
Q

Natural service or live cover methods

A

Pasture and hand breeding- stallion actually mounts the mare and deposits semen in repro tract

71
Q

Artificial insemination methods

A

Fresh extended semen or on site AI, cooled transported or stored semen, frozen semen or frozen thawed semen-collect stallion, process semen, then deposit it in mare

72
Q

Breeding shed requirements

A

Predictability, good footing, escape routes, free of distraction, strategy for height discrepancy

73
Q

Stallion equipment

A

Halter or breeding bridle, lead/shank, breeding roll, cup or slide for dismount sample

74
Q

Mare equipment

A

Halter, lead/shank, twitch, shroud, boots, leg restraint (hobbles/boots)

75
Q

Stallion specific requirement of mares

A

Endometrial Culture
CEM Culture (imports)
Vaccination Against EVA
EHV Vaccinations

76
Q

Mare processing- reduce the risk of pathogens and contamination

A

Identification, tail wrap, perineal cleaning, lubrication, stallion identifier, teasing box, set up and restrain, test mount

77
Q

Stallion post breeding

A

Dismount sample, hygiene penis- with water

78
Q

Other process to do for mare after breeding

A

Reinforcement breeding or impregnation, monitor PBE, confirm ovulation

79
Q

Frequency of breeding method

A

Breed 12-48 hours before ovulation, breed every other day while in heat, ultrasound when to breed and induce ovulation

80
Q

Busy stallions

A

Goal is to breed once per estrus- doubling is breeding mare twice within 48 hours- strongly discouraged

81
Q

Natural services advantages

A

Optimizes semen quality, high sperm count, no semen processing errors, cervical dilation, uterine contractions, often less expensive than AI

82
Q

Natural service disadvantages

A

Need to transport mare (may have foal), stallion scheduling, potential for disease transmission, less ideal for PBE, risk of injury

83
Q

Semen collection methods

A

Artificial vagina (jump mare, ground collection, phantom) condom

84
Q

Missouri AV

A

Lightest out of all and manipulable, but harder to hold and not as well insulated

85
Q

Nishikawa AV

A

A firm metal casing that holds latex liners, goes to a point that stallions have gotten stuck in

86
Q

Colorado AV

A

Takes a lot of time to build, can be cleaned easily, super insulated, heavy when full- easy to hold but hard to manipulate

87
Q

Processing for on site AI or fresh extended semen

A

Collect semen, evaluate semen, add extender for breeding doses

88
Q

On site breeding doses

A

500 million PMS, 10-80 mL total volume, 1:1 dilution- extender-semen

89
Q

Mare process for on site AI

A

Inseminate mare within 3 hours- load breeding dose into syringe, wrap up and tie tail, hygiene, inseminate, monitor PBE, confirm ovulation

90
Q

Advantages of AI

A

Decreased risk of injury to mare or stallion, can breed multiple mares with one ejaculate, decreased risk of disease transmission

91
Q

Disadvantages of AI

A

Requires advanced knowledge and skills, semen processing, mare management

92
Q

Processing for cooled transported semen or cooled semen

A

Collect semen, evaluate semen, add extended for breeding dose- do not warm up semen

93
Q

Cooled semen breeding doses

A

1 billion PMS, 40-60 mL total volume, minimum 3:1 dilution, 25-50 million sperm/mL fluid

94
Q

Packaging of cooled semen

A

Each shipment has two doses, placed into shipping unit to cool (equitainer)

95
Q

Mare process for cool shipped AI

A

Breed mare within 24-36 hours of collection, load breeding dose into syringe, inseminate, monitor PBE, confirm ovulation

96
Q

How to know when to breed for cool shipped

A

Edema maximal 24 hours before ovulation, follicles grow 2.5-3 mm per day

97
Q

Cool shipped semen timing strategies

A

tease or ultrasound to determine start of estrus, track with ultrasound to determine when to order, order semen 24 hours prior to desired breeding, induce ovulation and breed, ultrasound to confirm ovulation

98
Q

Benefits of cool transported semen

A

Increase available genetics, no transportation of mare or stallion

99
Q

Disadvantages of cool transported semen

A

Semen availability constraints, problems with shipments

100
Q

Processing for frozen semen

A

Collect semen, evaluate semen, add extender and centrifuge, re suspend in freezing extender, package in straws, freeze in liquid nitrogen

101
Q

Frozen semen breeding doses

A

No industry standard (250 million PMS after thawing, 800 million total sperm) varies from single 0.5 mL straw to 4-8 straws, increase number of PMS if acceptable pregnancy rate is not achieved

102
Q

Sperm and oocyte survival time

A

Sperm- 6-8 hours, oocyte- 12 hours

103
Q

Highest pregnancy rates with insemination

A

12 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation

104
Q

Frozen semen timing strategies- timed protocol using two semen doses

A

Induce ovulation(35 mm follicle+edema) AI with thawed semen 24 hours later, AI with thawed semen 16 hours after that, monitor PBE, confirm ovulation

105
Q

Frozen semen strategies- labor intensive using one dose only

A

Induce ovulation then ultrasound every 6 hours- once ovulation is confirmed, AI with thawed semen

106
Q

Types of AI with frozen semen

A

Deep horse insemination at UTG, deposit semen with AI gun, deposit semen with traditional pipette, hysteroscopic insemination (spray uterine horn)

107
Q

Advantages to frozen semen

A

International shipping, breeding to deceased stallions, semen can arrive before breeding

108
Q

Disadvantages to frozen semen

A

Semen is expensive, no live foal guarantee, not ideal for older/ problemed mares

109
Q

Success in breeding: breeding management

A

experience of breeder, estrus detection, selection of breeding method, identifying and treating problems

110
Q

Success in breeding: Mare factors

A

Health and breed, age, parity, interval since last foaling, previous problems

111
Q

Success in breeding: stallion factors

A

Health and age, breed, breeding routine, semen processing, booking

112
Q

Reinforcement breeding

A

Increases per cycle pregnancy rate by 12%

113
Q

General rule for frozen semen

A

Per cycle expect 50% of pregnancy rate achieved using fresh extended or cooled transported semen from stallion

114
Q

General goals of ART

A

Produce offspring from diseased horses and increase number of foals from genetically valuable animals

115
Q

Embryo transfer: Donor mares

A

Performance mares, young mares, need healthy uterine environment

116
Q

Embryo transfer: recipient mares

A

Age: 3-10 years, previous foals, size match to donor

117
Q

Donor mare ET procedure

A

Routine breeding management, super ovulate, 50% embryos recovered during ovulation

118
Q

Recipient mare ET procedure

A

Ideally ovulate 1-2 days after donor- can use a large recipient herd or synchronize privately

119
Q

ET cryopreservation

A

morula, 6 days after ovulation- transcervical

120
Q

ET immediate transfer

A

Blastocyst, 7-8 days post ovulation- transcervical

121
Q

Preserving ET embryos

A

shipping cooled embryos (transfer within 24 hours) or freezing by vitrification (store in liquid nitrogen)

122
Q

ET procedure outcomes

A

3 attempts yields 1 live foal, multiple ovulations increase chances of success, pregnancy rate loss is 10% more than typical AI

123
Q

Oocyte retrieval

A

Harvested from dead mares, transvaginal follicular fluid aspiration, used for oocyte transfer or ICSI

124
Q

Interplastic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

Take harvested oocyte and inject the sperm into the oocyte, * Transcervical transfer of ~7-day embryo (blastocyst) More successful than IVF in horses

125
Q

Cloning

A

Around $85,000 to clone
First Cloned Equids born in 2003
Genetic Banking- have a certain animal forever, preserve genetics
Performance Areas w/o Breed Registrations
Viagen >1,000 Horses

126
Q

Sex sorted semen

A

X and Y chromosome sperm physically separated by flow cytometry
Low dose insemination method (fresh or frozen)
~93% Gender Accuracy;
Sorting Process $5,000-$10,000
not very popular

127
Q

Epidydimal sperm

A

Harvesting non-ejaculated sperm from vas deferens and tail of the epididymis
Testes removed at death or castration
Low dose insemination method (fresh or frozen)
Pregnancy rates 30-45%
Costs $1,400

128
Q

Three components of a breeding exam

A

Physical health, free form hereditary defects, reproductive health

129
Q

BSE with a maiden mare

A

usually abbreviated BSE unless aged or concerns with abbreviated exam – her uterus should be in great condition

130
Q

Mare BSE process

A

Physical exam and history, external repro tract exam, rectal palpation, ultrasonography, cervix exam, endometrial culture, cytology, and biopsy

131
Q

What is targeted in the mare BSE external repro tract exam

A

Pneumovagina, vulva alignment, abnormal size of tract

132
Q

Ovarian abnormalities

A

Granulosa cell tumor

133
Q

Uterine abnormalities

A

Air in uterus, uterine fluid, uterine cysts- along the endometrial folds, map cysts because they can be misdiagnosed as embryos

134
Q

Cystic nests

A

are problematic- a grouping of cysts at the base of a horn – blocks the embryo from touching all aspects of the uterus, effects placentation

135
Q

Mare BSE cervical exam

A

palpation or speculum- palpation does not allow as much contamination into the cervix

136
Q

Endometrial fibrosis

A

scarring of the endometrial lining, look at a sample under microscope – no glands would = scarring

137
Q

Standards of a stallion BSE

A

Should be able to breed 40 mares by natural cover or 120 mares bred by artificial insemination, want them to have a 75% seasonal pregnancy rate

138
Q

Overview of stallion BSE process

A

General exam and history, eval of teasing behavior, external genitalia exam, microbial cultures, eval of breeding behavior, 1st collection and semen eval, examine scrotal contents and internal contents, 2nd collection and eval

139
Q

Stallion BSE: Evaluation of Teasing Behavior

A

Time to Erection – in less than two minutes
“Handleability”- is the stallion safe to handle
Juvenile Behavior – really slow to get erect or do not pay attention to the handler
Libido – young stallion from show career to breeding career have a hard time expressing breeding behavior and breeding

140
Q

Goal of 1st stallion collection in BSE

A

One billion PMMN in first ejaculate

141
Q
A

Equine Breeding Managment (3 decks)

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