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Equine Breeding Managment > Exam 2- foaling continued > Flashcards

Exam 2- foaling continued Flashcards

1
Q

How long should expulsion of the placenta take

A

Less than three hours

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2
Q

Why do we tie the placenta up

A

It helps weigh the placenta down to be passed naturally- do not pull!

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3
Q

What are the red flag in stage three

A

The placenta takes longer than three hours to pass or the chorion is on the outside

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4
Q

What should the placental colors be

A

Chorion is red, allantois is pink

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5
Q

Why do we weigh the placenta

A

A super heavy placenta is a sign of inflammation- it should be 10% or less of the foals body weight

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6
Q

What do we look for health- wise on the placenta

A

look for healthy signs on the chorion surface and ensure the placenta is complete

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7
Q

Gravid horn vs non gravid horn on the placenta

A

gravid horn is where the back legs of the foal were, should be thicker- non gravid horn is thinner

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8
Q

Hippomane

A

An aggregation of minerals, feels like hard dough, free floating in the allantoic fluid

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9
Q

Normal placental findings that lack villi

A

Cervical star, allantochorion pouch, insertion of cord

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10
Q

Normal placental findings with villi

A

Appropriate autolysis, yolk sac remnants, allantoic pouch

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11
Q

Appropriate autolysis

A

Shows on the placenta where it takes awhile to detach (bright red shows the area that last detached, first detached is brown

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12
Q

Large avillous regions

A

happens in twin pregnancies where placentas are against each other- can also come from mare having uterine cysts

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13
Q

o Abnormal Density of Villi

A

villi are not very dense- will impact the amount of nutrients foal will get- uterus is not healthy enough for villi to attach

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14
Q

o Placentitis

A
  • inflammation of the placenta (looking on chorion surface) looks like thick layer of snot on placenta- could be fungal or bacterial infection (low pregnancy rates and early abortion)
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15
Q

Thickened Placenta

A

caused by fescue or placentitis

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16
Q

Placental Hemorrhage

A

can be a sign of trauma during delivery- hematoma in allantois

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17
Q

Meconium Staining of Amnion

A

foal poop in amnion-can be a sign of fetal distress- danger for the foal if inhaled (sets up for pneumonia) we assume its in foal lungs already

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18
Q

Ascending placentitis

A

bacteria enters the vagina/cervix and affects the cervical star (foal exposed to bacteria) – can work its way backwards to the rest of the placenta

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19
Q

Retained placenta

A

hasn’t passed in three hours

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20
Q

Retained placenta treatment

A

give oxytocin injections on farm, causes contractions to release placenta- at three hours call the vet (lavage- stick a large tube in the placenta and blow it up enough so the microvilli will detach

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21
Q

Concerns of retained placenta

A

Laminitis- Mare will go on antibiotics and laminitis prevention (ice boots on mare- replace every 1-4 hours)

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22
Q

Rare delivery complication- Uterine tear

A

tearing of the uterus- can be repaired surgically

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23
Q

Rare delivery complication- Hemmorage

A

artery wall gets weakened and ruptures during delivery (if a mare is hemorrhaging you do not see blood its internal bleeding) look at mucous membrane coloration- will not be pink

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24
Q

Rare delivery complication- perineal laceration

A

Perineal laceration- foal during delivery damages the rectal lumen in worst case scenarios (tears in vaginal mucosa) surgery will be done to fix tear

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25
Q

Pain relievers for post partum care

A
  • banamine most common (given after the placenta has passed) blocks prostaglandin so the placenta would be kept inside
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26
Q

Mare fecal output

A

should defecate at least 12-18 hours after foaling (have vet check after 24 hours, might be tubed with water to reduce risk of impaction colic)

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27
Q

Feeding

A

do not feed until the mare defecates

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28
Q

Deworming

A

o Deworming- if the mare is current on deworming, no need to take action- if not dewormed then deworm 12-24 hours after foaling (mares can pass threadworms to foals)

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29
Q

Involution

A

the uterus shrinks to normal size and the endometrial lining is repaired

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30
Q

What helps involution

A

Oxytocin and excericise

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31
Q

Lochia

A

discharge from the mares reproductive tract from the result of the endometrium healing
Brown reddish color, in the first 10 days

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32
Q

Eponychium

A
  • soft on layer on bottom of hooves feet that falls off when they stand (protects mares repro tract during delivery)
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33
Q

What to do if umbilicus bleeds

A

some blooding normal, umbilical clamp if it does not stop

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34
Q

Treatment of chlor vs iodine on umbilicus

A

dip umbilical cord in dilute chlorahexadine (1 part chlor, 4 parts water) repeat treatments or iodine (one time treatment) very quickly dries up the stump but can also trap bacteria in the cord

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35
Q

Why do we tear the cord and not cut

A

So the umbilicus will clot

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36
Q

Sternal position

A

within 10 minutes

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37
Q

Suckling reflex

A

15-30 minutes

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38
Q

Up on own

A

1-2 hours

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39
Q

Nursing

A

2-3 hours

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40
Q

Begins passing meconuim

A

4-6 hours (monitor)

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41
Q

Urination

A

12 hours (monitor)

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42
Q

Patent urachus

A

patent urachus might stay open and urine could drip from the umbilical cord – most of the time it closes on its own- higher risk for infection

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43
Q

Mare hygiene

A

Wash udder

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44
Q

Monitor mare for what after foaling

A

Signs of comfortability

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45
Q

What is banking colostrum

A

Freezing colostrum from high milk and percentage candidates

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46
Q

Banked colostrum processing and utilization

A

Put the milk into a container and filter it, label then warm up slowly in water bath to use

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47
Q

Gut closure

A

Starts as early as 8 hours- ends at 24 hours

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48
Q

What is the timing of passive transfer

A

Early- 8-12 hours, late- 18-24 hours

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49
Q

Goal for early transfer

A

400-800 mg/dL- colostrum or plasma if low

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50
Q

Goal for low transfer

A

> 800 mg/dL, plasma if low

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51
Q

Foals at high risk from failure of passive transfer

A

Agalactia, prelactation, sick or injured neonates, poor quality colostrum

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52
Q

Foal feces

A

Meconium then milk feces (12 hours after birth)

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53
Q

Preventing meconium colic

A

Enema- lavage the rectum (fleet enema or soapy water enema)

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54
Q

When do we give foals medication?

A

Only if its veterinarian recommended, depends on environment, can lead to GI upset

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55
Q

What medications are given to foals at risk of bacteria exposure

A

Bio sponge and metronidazole (clostridium treatment)

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56
Q

Neonatal red flags

A

Foals sleeping standing up (uncomfortable) or not nursing

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57
Q

Colicky behavior in neonates

A

Sleeping on their back, with legs close and tucked, neck arcing

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58
Q

Angular limb deformalities

A

Valgus (knees turned out) varus (knock kneed)

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59
Q

Flexural deformities

A

Contracture and laxity (loose tendons, dysmature foals tend to have laxity)

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60
Q

Trans uterine fold job

A

Prevents urine from dripping back into the repro tract

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61
Q

Urethral opening job

A

works with the trans uterine fold to move away urine flow

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62
Q

Parts of the vulva

A

Labia, clitoris, dorsal and ventral commisures

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63
Q

Vestibule

A

From external labia lips to urethra- hymen

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64
Q

Vagina

A

Collapsed lumen, highly distensible

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65
Q

Pneumovagina

A

Abnormality where air gets into the vagina- can be fixed with a Caslick’s procedure (suturing a portion of the labia lips)

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66
Q

Problems with a pneumovagina

A

Bacteria can enter where air is getting into the vagina

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67
Q

Profolactic caslicks

A

Caslick’s given to young horses in training to let less air into the vagina during exercise

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68
Q

Unique aspects of cervix (smooth muscle)

A

Longitudinal mucosal folds- stallion can deposit semen in the cervix

69
Q

Cervix change during diestrus

A

Lots of tone, pale color

70
Q

Cervix change during estrus

A

Very red in color (vascular), very relaxed

71
Q

3 anatomical barriers of defense

A

Vulva, vestibule, cervix

72
Q

Uterus characteristics

A

Bicornuate,

73
Q

Uterus in diestrus

A

Endometrial folds are flattened with lots of tone

74
Q

Uterus in estrus

A

Endometrial folds get edema and swell

74
Q

Oviducts

A

Site of fertilization

75
Q

Mare ovary shape vs other species

A

Mares is kidney shaped- other species spherical

76
Q

Mesothelial lining vs other species

A

Covers just stalk in others, whole ovary in mare

77
Q

Medulla location vs other species

A

Medulla on the outside for other species, inside for mare- follicles grow on inside

78
Q

Ovulation points vs other species

A

Other species can ovulate at any point on the ovary- ova fossa for mare

79
Q

Medulla

A

Vascular

80
Q

Cortex

A

Follicles

81
Q

What does the ovulation fossa do?

A

reduces twin pregnancies- follicles become teardrop shaped as they move toward the fossa

82
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A

Forms where a follicle has ruptured (fresh ovulation) turns to a Cl as it matures

83
Q

Corpus luteum does what

A

Secretes progesterone

84
Q

Theca interna cells secrete _ while granulosa cells secrete _

A

Androgen, estrogen

85
Q

What is a graffian follicle

A

An ovulatory follicle

86
Q

Onset of puberty

A

12-15 months

87
Q

Estrous cycle length

A

21-23 days, about 16-17 days in diestrus

88
Q

Actual heat/estrus length

A

4-6 days- highly variable

89
Q

Time of ovulation

A

24-48 hours prior to the end of estrus

90
Q

Ovulations per cycle

A

1, but horses can double and triple ovulate

91
Q

Foal heat

A

Unique, horse cycles 5-16 days post foaling (endometrial repair must be going on)

92
Q

Estrous cycle detection

A

Most critical aspect of breeding management

93
Q

Ultrasound advantages/ disadvantages

A

Transrectal ultrasound, see exactly what the horse is doing, machine is expensive- lots of training to learn

94
Q

Solid white tissue

A

Hyperchoic

95
Q

Black fluid

A

Anechoic

96
Q

Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

A

Stay for months- seen more at the ends and beginnings of seasons

97
Q

Fluid in the uterus

A

Sign of inflammation

98
Q

Teasing

A

Seeing behavioral signs of estrus

99
Q

Mare in estrus signs

A

Urinates, steps wide, tilts pelvis down, winking

100
Q

Mare in diestrus signs

A

Squeals at stallion, aggressive kicking or biting behavior- ignoring

101
Q

Estrus behavior impacted by what

A

Herd dynamics, wet mare (lactating) silent heat (never shows signs)

102
Q

Individual teasing

A

One stallion and one mare (most accurate and time intensive)

103
Q

Group or pen teasing

A

One stallion in a group of multiple mares (time efficient)

104
Q

Chute teasing

A

Stallion is in a stall while mares are walked through a chute

105
Q

Self teasing

A

Mare and stallion are on opposite sides of a fence unrestrained

106
Q

Stall teasing

A

One horse is in the stall while the other is in the aisle

107
Q

Rail, fence, or wall teasing

A

Both horses are separated by a barrier

108
Q

Cage teasing

A

Stallion is in a cage in a field while mares can approach him freely

109
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A

Have multiple estrous cycles that happen in a given season- long day breeders in summer

110
Q

Natural ovulation peroid

A

April to September

111
Q

Transition periods

A

Erratic estrous cycles, erratic growth of follicles, ovulate small follicles

112
Q

When is the anestrous peroid

A

During deep winter- ovaries are vary small- hormones shut down

113
Q

Dark periods

A

Create more melatonin, melatonin inhibits repro system, decreased hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis

114
Q

Other factors of seasonality

A

Multiple hormones, hemispheres, domestication (domesticated horses tend to cycle year round)

115
Q

Estrus phase (follicular phase)

A

4-6 days, secreting estrogen, follicle on ovary, behavioral signs, ends with ovulation

116
Q

Diestrus phase (Luteal phase)

A

Corpus luteum on ovary, progesterone is secreted, non receptive towards stallion, ends with release of prostaglandin

117
Q

Growth of Cl

A

Outer cells start to weaken and membrane ruptures when oocyte leaves, it takes 5 days for granulosa cells to form luteal cells- produce progesterone

118
Q

Growth, maturity, and regression of CL

A

0-5 d (G). 6-13 d (M). 14-16 d (R)

119
Q

HPO axis

A

Hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis

120
Q

FSH

A

Released from pituitary, targets the granulosa cells of the follicle, promotes follicle growth and increases inhibin and estrogen levels

121
Q

LH

A

Released from pituitary, targets the theca interna cells of the follicle, surges with high inhibin and estrogen levels- increases androgen production, follicle maturation and promotes CL formation

122
Q

Why is estrus most variable

A

It depends upon the size of the follicle (bigger follicle, faster ovulation)

123
Q

Why do horses have two follicular waves

A

Ensures there is one large follicle compared to the others

124
Q

Follicular wave growth (after ovulation)

A

In between waves, inhibin causes follicles to shrink, then FSH causes follicles to grow (wave ends at day 10 then another forms)

125
Q

Dominant follicle size in follicular waves

A

starts at 22 mm in size, dominant follicle is receptive to LH, produces estradiol and inhibin

126
Q

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

A

Produced by uterus, released if no MRP, targets luteal cells of mature CL, causes luteolysis

127
Q

PGF2A unique to equine

A

Travels from uterus through peripheral circulation to ovary (little metabolized in lungs, increased reaction to prostaglandin)

128
Q

Estrogen (ovarian hormone)

A

secreted from theca interna and granulosa cells of follicle, targets the hypothalamus, pituitary, brain and repro tract, relaxes the cervix, prepares for pregnancy, regulates GnRH, FSH and LH, increases uterine edema and motility, sexual behavior

129
Q

Inhibin (ovarian hormone)

A

From granulosa cells of the follicle, targets the anterior pituitary, inhibits FSH and helps with selection of dominant follicles

130
Q

Progesterone (ovarian hormone)

A

From luteal cells of CL, targets hypothalamus, uterus and mammary glands, maintains pregnancy (tightens cervix), mammary growth and secretions, regulates LH via GNRH

131
Q

Inhibin and FSH relationship

A

Inverse- one is up while the other is down

132
Q

Agonist

A

similar enough to facilitate similar results (can bind to same receptor)

133
Q

Antagonist

A

Similar enough to bind to the receptor, but it blocks the receptor instead of performing function

134
Q

Why use artificial lights

A

Induces early cyclicity- allows breeders to get foal dates as close to January 1st as possible

135
Q

1st ovulation when using lights

A

60-90 days after onset (1-2 weeks faster with hormones but not cost effective)

136
Q

treatment timeline with Artificial lights

A

Start breeding February 14th, start under lights at thanksgiving, horse gives birth next January

137
Q

Light sources

A

Equilume ($400-500) masks with light under one eye, 100 W bulb on timer (14 and a half hours of total daylight) should light enough to read in all corners of stall

138
Q

Lighting protocols

A

Add to existing daylight to equal 14.6-16 hours, use one hour of light that occurs 9.5 hours after sunset

139
Q

Domperidone

A

Dopamine agonist, induces prolactin, blocks the effects of dopamine, oral ($20 per 5mL daily dose 110 mg/mL) sulpiride injectable

140
Q

Estradiol cypionate- an estrogen agonist

A

Commonly used in ovariectomized mares, induces estrus behavior, (injectable)

141
Q

Oxytocin

A

Short half life, rids inflammation in the uterus, helps with uterine contractions, milk let down, induces parturition- usually injectable IM, 10-20 IU give every 4-6 hours (1/2-1 mL)

142
Q

Common reasons mares won’t settle

A

Improper timing of breeding or post breeding endometritis

143
Q

Post breeding endometritis

A

Inflammation of the endometrium in the uterus (some mares cannot fight inflammation from sperm) higher risks for old olden mares

144
Q

Management steps for post breeding endometritis

A

Use of semen extender with antibiotics- helps to prevent contamination
2) Less frequent breeding /decrease volume of breeding– can time to breed once instead of multiple matings 3) Lavage with saline- flush in sterile saline then removing it – can start 4-6 hours after breeding
4) Induce uterine contractions – oxytocine or cloprostenol (stays in the body longer than oxytocin) Activity!
5) +/- dexamethasone treatment- anti inflammatory (reduce mare’s inflammatory response in uterus)

145
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Induction of luteolysis (short cycling) shorting diestrus- IM only

146
Q

When is using prostaglandin effective

A

About 5 days after ovulation when the CL is mature

147
Q

What determines the return to estrus

A

Usually 3-5 days, depends on the waves- if we don’t know where they are in the wave cycle, we do not know the ovulation/ heat timeline

148
Q

Why are prostaglandins IM only?

A

not metabolized quickly (not safe IV because it will be a heavier dosage all at once vs IM- colicky) mares get sweaty for about 30 minutes – give early morning or late night when less hot out, move injection site outside

149
Q

Dinoprost tromethamine

A

Lutalyse (prostaglandin) Dose of 1-2 mL or 1/10 mL 24 hours apart (minimize side effects)

150
Q

Cloprestonol sodium

A

Estrumate (prostaglandin) dose of 1 mL, slightly longer half life with less side effects (more expensive)

151
Q

LH/GnRH

A

Releases an LH surge, induces ovulation, ovulates 24-48 hours after administration, long surge achieved by slow release drugs/ capsules, 24 hour long effect

152
Q

What needs to be present for LH/GnRH to have its effect

A

a 35 mm follicle and edema present

153
Q

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (LH agonist)

A

80% effective, 1,500-2,500 IU IV dose, horses start to develop antibodies against it (use twice a year)

154
Q

Deslorelin (GnRH agonist)

A

80% effective, works in a greater number of mares, 1.8 mg IM (slow release gel) $60 a dose-expensive

155
Q

Recombinant equine LH

A

Produced in a lab setting, acts like equine LH, long half-life, Equipure reagent for veterinarians- 90% effective

156
Q

Progesterone

A

Inhibits LH, induction of luteal phase,

157
Q

3 uses of progesterone

A

Pregnancy supplementation- on till 120 days of pregnancy
Used to suppress estrus (handy for show/performance horses)
Estrus synchronization- synchronizing stallion with mare, recip and donor mare synched up

158
Q

Oral synthetic progestins

A

More labor intensive, covers bases every day vs capsule

159
Q

Altrenogest (oral progesterone)

A

2.2 mg/ 100 lbs daily, wear gloves absorbed easily

160
Q

Compounded injectable (progesterone)

A

Less labor intensive, 150 mg per day IM, Encapsulated form can last weeks, $3.00 per day- rate of decrease is different in every horse

161
Q

Progesterone and estradiol

A

widely used to synchronize embryo Transfer mares (inhibits FSH and LH) shut down all gonadotrophins follicles and ovaries will be small – can now synchronize follicle growth and will be at the same size when they start
Negative feedback on Gonadotropins

162
Q

Progesterone and estradiol compounded injectable

A

150 mg progesterone + 10 mg estradiol per day IM
$40 once (every 7-10 days)

163
Q

Estrous synchronization P+E protocol

A

Very tight synchronization- $100 a horse

164
Q

Estrous synchronization protocol- just progesterone

A

$22 a horse

165
Q

Why is equine superovulation useful

A

Induces multiple follicles to grow at the same time, increases odds of success when working with reproductive technology (all protocls must use FSH)

166
Q

Equine pituitary extracts) EPE)

A

Grind pituitary and remove other hormones- not readily available due to contamination concern

167
Q

Equine FSH (eFSH)

A

taking pituitary extract and purifying in the lab (not readily available)

168
Q

Recombinant equine FSH

A

Reagent for verterinarians

Equine Breeding Managment (3 decks)

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