Pregnancy and childbirth Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the 3 categories of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy?
1) presumptive signs
2) probable signs
3) positive signs
How are suspicions of pregnancy confirmed?
Pregnancy test which detects HCG in the urine
What is the formula for calculated the birthday called?
Naegele’s formula, counting 280 from the beginning of last menstrual period
What do call the agents that can disrupt prenatal development?
Teratogens
What are examples of teratogens?
drugs, alcohol, nicotine and diseases
What are the 3 prenatal development periods?
1) . germinal
2) . embryonic
3) . fetal period
What 4 areas should couples prepare themselves for childbirth?
1) physical
2) social
3) intellectual
4) emotional
Labor may be divided in to what 3 stages?
1) . dilation
2) childbirth
3) after birth
Name 5 signs of Presumptive signs of pregnancy.
1) no period
2) morning sickness
3) fulness of breasts
4) need to pee a lot
5) very sleepy
Name signs of probable signs of pregnancy.
1) positive pregnancy test
2) darkening of vaginal tissues and cervical mucous membrane
3) softening of cervical tissue
4) enlargement of abdomen and uterus
5) mapping of fetus
6) intermittent contractions of uterus
7) increase of basal body temperature
Name Positive signs of pregnancy.
1) feel fetus move
2) hear fetal heartbeat
3) electrical tracing of fetal heart
4) doubling of HCG levels
5) fetal outline by ultrasound
6) x-ray of fetal skeleton
What is HCG?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
How soon is HCG detectable?
2-3 days after implantation
Duration of pregnancy is estimated at how many days?
280 days
What percent of women have their babies deliver either 1 week before or after due date.
46%
What percent of women deliver 2 weeks before or after due date?
80%
Reactions to pregnancy depends on what factors?
1) is it planned
2) does couple want child
3) are they ready
4) accomplished personal goals
5) financial security
6) status of relationship
Why do single women experience greater psychological risk and more complications during pregnancies.
inadequate social support
The woman’s reaction to pregnancy is strongly related to what things.
financial and emotional support and help from partner
What percent of women receive not prenatal care until last trimester or no care at all?
nearly 4%
Which race has highest rate of no prenatal care?
Native Americans/Alaskan at 7.9% Black 5.7% Hispanics 5.5% Puerto Rican 3.9% White 3.0% Cuban 2.9%
When are teratogens agents most risky for the fetus?
The first 2-3 months of gestations
What percent of children born to mothers who drink excessively have difficulties?
40-50%
What is the leading cause of birth defects in the US?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is the difference between Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS and Fetal alcohol effect FAE?
FAS- excessive drinking
FAE- moderate drinking during pregnancy
What % of women are affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension?
5%
The premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is called_____________?
abruptio placentae (placental abruption)
What is a complication of pregnancy in which placenta grows over the cervix opening?
placenta previa
What is an attachment and growth of the embryo in any location other than inside the uterus?
ectopic pregnancy
What is a tubal pregnancy?
attachment and growth in fallopian tube
What is a condition where mother has RH-negative blood and fetus has Rh-positive blood called?
Rh incompatibility
What is the most important of all characteristic that impact couples to be parents?
Psychological characteristics
When couples become parents the most important factor in understanding their decision and its effect is ________________?
whether the partners agree on the decision
What is the Current estimates of all births are to unwed mothers?
40%
What are the factors for single motherhood ?
economic factors
change in social attitudes
psychological motivations
What are the 3 sets of factors in deciding to be a parent?
Economic
Structural
Psychosocial
Structural factors include:
Mom working
childcare
ability to support a child
cultural beliefs
Psychosocial factor refers to:
According to Erickson, seeking opportunities to to act in a generative way.
Ideal biological clock is what age?
18-36
What are benefits of older mothers?
in steady relationships,
greater income, better resources
How long can sperm live in woman?
up to 6 days
germinal period lasts how long?
2 weeks
embryonic period lasts from when?
2nd -8th week
Fetal period is when?
9th week to birth
What is the “age of viability”
23-26 weeks
When is a very critical period of development?
3rd of 4th week
Teratogens have effect on embryo in 3 areas?
- the dose
- time of exposure
3 genetic susceptibility
labor can last how long? what is the median length of 1st births?
12-24 hours
10.6 hours
What is considered low birth weight?
full term 5 1/2 pounds
Low birth weight occurs in what percent of pregnancies in us?
4%-8%
What is considered preterm birth?
3 weeks early
What is the APGAR scale?
measures neonatal health
What does Apgar stand for?
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity (muscle tone) Respiration
Postpartum period lasts how long?
6 weeks
What percent of couples claimed transition into parenthood caused severe crisis in marriage and was due to what factors?
83% cohesion in family prep for parenthood adjustments after birth years married
What percent couples reported only having slight reaction to birth?
86%
Greatest difficulty after birth for women?
Physical exhaustion
Greatest difficulty for husbands?
pressure to provide, longer to bond with child, feel ignored by wife,
Changes for couples include?
less free time,
more work,
