Pregnancy and Childbirth 2.0 Flashcards
Summary of First Week of Development
Timeline is aft
- Fertilization: occurs in fallopian tube 12-24 hrs
- Cleavage: first cleavage occurs **30 hrs **
- Morula: 3-4 days (clump of cells)
- Blastocyst: 4.5-5 days
- Implantation: 6 days
Female Infertility causes
(4)
Approx 10% of females suffer from this
1. Ovarian disease
2. Obstruction of the uterine tubes (STI scarring)
3. Inadequate body fat
4. Conditions in which the uterus is not adequately prepared to receive a fertilized ovum
Male Infertility
Inability of sperm to fertilize a secondary oocyte
1. Over-exposure to X-rays and Ionizing radiation
2. Infections
3. Toxins
4. Malnutrition
5. Higher than normal scrotal temperatures (35C)
What is superovulation?
FSH injected shortly after menstruation so multiple secondary ooycytes are released.
Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection (ICSI)
- Infertility due to imparments in sperm motility or failure of spermatids into spermatozoa
- Oocyte is fertilized by in vitro suction a sperm and injecting into the oocyte’s cytoplasm
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Most common medication used to abort pregnancy
Any implantion outside of the uterus
Methotrexate: cancer med to stop the dividing of the cells
Early Pregnancy Tests use what hormone to indicate +ve results?
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Excreted about 8 days after fertilization
What is the maternal portion of the placenta called?
Decidua basalis-formed from the previous endometrium
What is the fetal portion of the placenta called?
Chorionic villi
What is the function of the placenta?
- Protetive barrier against microorganisms
- Allows O2 and nutrients to disfuse into fetal blood without coming in contact
- It stores nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, iron)
What is the layer around the umbilical cord that gives it a shiny appearance?
Amnion
Summary of First Week of Development
Timeline is aft
- Fertilization: occurs in fallopian tube 12-24 hrs
- Cleavage: first cleavage occurs **30 hrs **
- Morula: 3-4 days (clump of cells)
- Blastocyst: 4.5-5 days
- Implantation: 6 days
Female Infertility causes
(4)
Approx 10% of females suffer from this
1. Ovarian disease
2. Obstruction of the uterine tubes (STI scarring)
3. Inadequate body fat
4. Conditions in which the uterus is not adequately prepared to receive a fertilized ovum
Male Infertility
Inability of sperm to fertilize a secondary oocyte
1. Over-exposure to X-rays and Ionizing radiation
2. Infections
3. Toxins
4. Malnutrition
5. Higher than normal scrotal temperatures (35C)
What is superovulation?
FSH injected shortly after menstruation so multiple secondary ooycytes are released.
Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection (ICSI)
- Infertility due to imparments in sperm motility or failure of spermatids into spermatozoa
- Oocyte is fertilized by in vitro suction a sperm and injecting into the oocyte’s cytoplasm
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Most common medication used to abort pregnancy
Any implantion outside of the uterus
Methotrexate: cancer med to stop the dividing of the cells
Early Pregnancy Tests use what hormone to indicate +ve results?
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Excreted about 8 days after fertilization
What is the maternal portion of the placenta called?
Decidua basalis-formed from the previous endometrium
What is the fetal portion of the placenta called?
Chorionic villi
What is the function of the placenta?
- Protetive barrier against microorganisms
- Allows O2 and nutrients to disfuse into fetal blood without coming in contact
- It stores nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, iron)
What is the layer around the umbilical cord that gives it a shiny appearance?
Amnion
What are the four main hormones of pregnancy?
- hCG
- Relaxin
- Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
What does hCG do during pregnancy?
(3)
Releases progesterone and Estrogens
1. Maintain endometrium of uterus
2. Help prepare mammary glands for lactation
3. Prepare mother’s body for birth
What does Relaxin do during pregnancy?
(2)
- Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
- Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor
What does Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) do during pregnancy?
(3)
- Helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
- Enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis
- Decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production
What does Corticotropin-releasing hormone do during pregnancy?
(2)
- Establishes timing of birth
- Increasing secretion of cortisol
Maternal Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
(6)
- Stroke volume increases 30%
- Heart rate increases 10-15%
- Cardiac output increases 20-30%
- Blood Volume increases 30-50%
- IVC compressions reduces venous return and increases pedal edema
- Renal artery compression may cause renal HTN
Maternal Respiratory System changes in pregnancy
(6)
- Tidal Volume-increases 30-40%
- Expiratory reserve volume-decreases 40%
- Functional residual capacity-decreases 25%
- Minute ventilation-increases 40%
- Bronchial tree airway resistance-decreases 30-40%
- Total O2 consumption-increases 20%
Maternal Digestive system changes in pregnancy
(2)
- Decreased GI motility
- Increased appetite
Maternal urinary System changes during pregnancy
(5)
- Increased frequency and urgency of urination
- Stress incontinence
- Renal plasma flow increased 35%
- Glomerular filtration increased 40%
- Increased renal filtration capacity: to eliminate extra wastes made by fetus
What is the increased pigmentation around the eyes and cheekbones in a masklike pattern called?
Chloasma
Increased pigmentation in the areolae of the breasts and in the linea alba of the lower abdomen?
Linea nigra
What are striae?
Stretch marks over the abdomen as the fetus enlarges
