Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
Red Pulp in the spleen
- Venous sinus
- Splenic cords: reticular tissue rich in macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes, RBC-involved with disposing of worn out RBCs, fetal hemopoiesis, storage of platelets
What are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion-phagosome and lysosome come together
- Digestion
- Killing
White pulp in the spleen
- Lymphocytes and macrophages suspend on reticular fibers surrounding the central artery
- Involved with the immune functions by B and T cells
What is the first line of defense in Innate Immunity?
(3)
- Skin-stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) -formidible physical barrier
- Mucuous Membranes-Epithelium secretes mucus that traps and gets rid of the pathogens
- Chemicals-Gastric juice, lysozymes
What hormone inhibits prolactin during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What do T Cells do?
(3)
- Cell-mediated response
- Bind to antigens on cells and attack them directly
- Secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells
What is the definition of Innate Immunity? 3 examples in humans
Resistance that exists prior to exposure to the microbe (antigen)
1. Barriers (skin/mucous membranes)
2. Cells (NK cells)
3. Proteins (complement cascade and interferons)
IgE
Involved in allergic reactions
What type of cell helps both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses?
Helper T Cells
Self-Tolerance
Lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins
If something goes wrong, autoimmune disease
Blind ended vessels beginning in the spaces between cells and are anchored to surrounding tissue by?
Filaments
What are the two types of macrophages?
- Wandering or non-fixed macrophages
- Fixed macrophages
What is the function of the thymus and where is it found?
Function: proliferation and maturation of T cells
* Bilobed organ located in the mediastinum
What are the stages of inflammation?
VET
- Vasodilation
- Emigration of phagocytes
- Tissue Repair
What is the definition of secondary lymphatic organs? Give examples
Site where most immune responses occur
1. Spleen
2. Lymph nodes
3. Lymph nodules
What are the 5 parts of the second line of defense in innate immunity?
- Internal antimicrobial substances
- Phagocytes
- NK cells
- Inflammation
- Fever
Lymph Nodes shape, location, surrounding tissue?
- Kidney bean shaped-responsibile for filtration of lymph
- Located axillary, inguinal, cervical
- Encapsulated by dense connective tissue
What do cancerous lymph nodes feel like?
Enlarged, firm, non-tender, fixed to underlying structures
secondary tumor sites can be predicted based on lymph flow
Cell Mediated Immunity
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
- Effective against: fungi, some cancer cells, foreign tissue transplants
What are the two main parts of the Spleen?
- Stroma-capsule, trabeculae and reticular fibers
- Parenchyma -red and white pulp
No lobules in the spleen
What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Drains excess intersitial fluid
- Transport dietary lipids (lacteals)
- Carries out immune responses
IgM
- Found in lymph
- 5-10% of all antibodies in blood
- ABO blood groups
What are the two types of T-Cells?
- CD8 (cytotoxic): protect body against viruses and cancer cells
- CD4-increase antibody formation, memory cell formation, B cell formation, and phagocytosis
Important things to know about NK cells
- 5-10% of lymphocyte
- Present in spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
- Attack cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
What is metastasis?
Spread of a disease to another part of the body through the lymph
Does innate immunity improve after exposure or remember the infection?
NO. That is acquired immunity
Self-recognition
Ability to recognize your own proteins
Where are lymph vessels absent?
- Avascular tissue
- CNS
- Bone marrow
What is Lymph?
Ultrafiltrate of blood-interstitial fluid
Two Types of Adaptive Immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Antibody-mediated immunity
What are lymphatic nodules?
Small egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule
Lymph Ciculation from small to larger
- Capillaries
- Vessels
- Nodes
- Trunks
- Ducts
- Blood
What do B Cells do?
(3)
- Respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells
- Make antibodies
- Become memory B Cells for quicker response for next exposure of the same antigen
What is the function of minivalves in the lymphatic system?
Allow for inflow when the pressure outside the vessel decreases but not the reverse
What is inflammation and the common signs?
Nonspecific defesne response of the body to tissue damage-can cause loss of function of injured area
S/S:
1. Redness: erythema
2. Pain
3. Heat
4. Swelling
What is the outer part of the spleen?
Dense connective tissue capsule with a visceral peritoneum covering
IgG
- Most abundant- 85%
- protects against bacteria/viruses
- can cross the placenta
What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances and their Fx?
- Interferons: prevents viral replication
- Complement system: promotes phagocytosis and inflammation
- Iron-binding proteins: inhibit growth of bacteria
- Antimicrobial proteins: kill microbes and attract dendritic cells and mast cells to improve immune response
What are the 3 functions of the spleen?
- Filters and removes worn-out RBCs and platelets
- Storage of platelets
- Hemopoiesis during fetal life
What are the main trunks of the lymphatic system?
5
- Jugular
- Subclavian
- Bronchomediastinal
- Intestinal
- Lumbar
Drainage pattern on the left and right side is different
Route of lymph flow through a node?
- Afferent lymphatic vessel
- Subcapularis sinus
- Trabecular sinus
- Medullary sinus
- Efferent lymphatic vessel
IgA
- Salivary amylase, lysozyme
- Viruses/bacteria
What is the function of dendritic cells?
Capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes
What is the function of reticular cells?
Create a network of stroma that supports other cell types in the lymphoid organs
What hormone inhibits uterine contractions in pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the definition of a primary lymphatic organ? Give 2 examples
Site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- B cells transform into plasma cells-synthesize and secrete proteins (antibodies)
- Effective against extracellular pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi in body fluids outside cells
- Body fluids (humors)
What are the specific fixed macrophage names?
Connective tissue, liver, lungs, nervous system
- Histiocytes-connective tissue
- Kupffer cells-liver
- Alveolar cells-lungs
- Microglial-nervous system
IgD
- Involved in activation of B cells
Medullary cords
- dark staining
- contian B-lymphocytes that produce plasma cells and macrophages
