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Anatomy 2 > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Red Pulp in the spleen

A
  1. Venous sinus
  2. Splenic cords: reticular tissue rich in macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes, RBC-involved with disposing of worn out RBCs, fetal hemopoiesis, storage of platelets
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2
Q

What are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion-phagosome and lysosome come together
  4. Digestion
  5. Killing
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3
Q

White pulp in the spleen

A
  1. Lymphocytes and macrophages suspend on reticular fibers surrounding the central artery
  2. Involved with the immune functions by B and T cells
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4
Q

What is the first line of defense in Innate Immunity?

(3)

A
  1. Skin-stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) -formidible physical barrier
  2. Mucuous Membranes-Epithelium secretes mucus that traps and gets rid of the pathogens
  3. Chemicals-Gastric juice, lysozymes
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5
Q

What hormone inhibits prolactin during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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6
Q

What do T Cells do?

(3)

A
  1. Cell-mediated response
  2. Bind to antigens on cells and attack them directly
  3. Secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells
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7
Q

What is the definition of Innate Immunity? 3 examples in humans

A

Resistance that exists prior to exposure to the microbe (antigen)
1. Barriers (skin/mucous membranes)
2. Cells (NK cells)
3. Proteins (complement cascade and interferons)

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8
Q

IgE

A

Involved in allergic reactions

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9
Q

What type of cell helps both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses?

A

Helper T Cells

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10
Q

Self-Tolerance

A

Lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins
If something goes wrong, autoimmune disease

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11
Q

Blind ended vessels beginning in the spaces between cells and are anchored to surrounding tissue by?

A

Filaments

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12
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A
  1. Wandering or non-fixed macrophages
  2. Fixed macrophages
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13
Q

What is the function of the thymus and where is it found?

A

Function: proliferation and maturation of T cells
* Bilobed organ located in the mediastinum

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14
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

VET

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Emigration of phagocytes
  3. Tissue Repair
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15
Q

What is the definition of secondary lymphatic organs? Give examples

A

Site where most immune responses occur
1. Spleen
2. Lymph nodes
3. Lymph nodules

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16
Q

What are the 5 parts of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

A
  1. Internal antimicrobial substances
  2. Phagocytes
  3. NK cells
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
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17
Q

Lymph Nodes shape, location, surrounding tissue?

A
  1. Kidney bean shaped-responsibile for filtration of lymph
  2. Located axillary, inguinal, cervical
  3. Encapsulated by dense connective tissue
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18
Q

What do cancerous lymph nodes feel like?

A

Enlarged, firm, non-tender, fixed to underlying structures

secondary tumor sites can be predicted based on lymph flow

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19
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
  2. Effective against: fungi, some cancer cells, foreign tissue transplants
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20
Q

What are the two main parts of the Spleen?

A
  1. Stroma-capsule, trabeculae and reticular fibers
  2. Parenchyma -red and white pulp

No lobules in the spleen

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21
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Drains excess intersitial fluid
  2. Transport dietary lipids (lacteals)
  3. Carries out immune responses
22
Q

IgM

A
  • Found in lymph
  • 5-10% of all antibodies in blood
  • ABO blood groups
23
Q

What are the two types of T-Cells?

A
  1. CD8 (cytotoxic): protect body against viruses and cancer cells
  2. CD4-increase antibody formation, memory cell formation, B cell formation, and phagocytosis
24
Q

Important things to know about NK cells

A
  1. 5-10% of lymphocyte
  2. Present in spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
  3. Attack cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
25
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of a disease to another part of the body through the lymph

26
Q

Does innate immunity improve after exposure or remember the infection?

A

NO. That is acquired immunity

27
Q

Self-recognition

A

Ability to recognize your own proteins

28
Q

Where are lymph vessels absent?

A
  1. Avascular tissue
  2. CNS
  3. Bone marrow
29
Q

What is Lymph?

A

Ultrafiltrate of blood-interstitial fluid

30
Q

Two Types of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Cell-mediated immunity
  2. Antibody-mediated immunity
31
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A

Small egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule

32
Q

Lymph Ciculation from small to larger

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Vessels
  3. Nodes
  4. Trunks
  5. Ducts
  6. Blood
33
Q

What do B Cells do?

(3)

A
  1. Respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells
  2. Make antibodies
  3. Become memory B Cells for quicker response for next exposure of the same antigen
34
Q

What is the function of minivalves in the lymphatic system?

A

Allow for inflow when the pressure outside the vessel decreases but not the reverse

35
Q

What is inflammation and the common signs?

A

Nonspecific defesne response of the body to tissue damage-can cause loss of function of injured area
S/S:
1. Redness: erythema
2. Pain
3. Heat
4. Swelling

36
Q

What is the outer part of the spleen?

A

Dense connective tissue capsule with a visceral peritoneum covering

37
Q

IgG

A
  • Most abundant- 85%
  • protects against bacteria/viruses
  • can cross the placenta
38
Q

What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances and their Fx?

A
  1. Interferons: prevents viral replication
  2. Complement system: promotes phagocytosis and inflammation
  3. Iron-binding proteins: inhibit growth of bacteria
  4. Antimicrobial proteins: kill microbes and attract dendritic cells and mast cells to improve immune response
39
Q

What are the 3 functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Filters and removes worn-out RBCs and platelets
  2. Storage of platelets
  3. Hemopoiesis during fetal life
40
Q

What are the main trunks of the lymphatic system?

5

A
  1. Jugular
  2. Subclavian
  3. Bronchomediastinal
  4. Intestinal
  5. Lumbar

Drainage pattern on the left and right side is different

41
Q

Route of lymph flow through a node?

A
  1. Afferent lymphatic vessel
  2. Subcapularis sinus
  3. Trabecular sinus
  4. Medullary sinus
  5. Efferent lymphatic vessel
42
Q

IgA

A
  • Salivary amylase, lysozyme
  • Viruses/bacteria
43
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes

44
Q

What is the function of reticular cells?

A

Create a network of stroma that supports other cell types in the lymphoid organs

45
Q

What hormone inhibits uterine contractions in pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

46
Q

What is the definition of a primary lymphatic organ? Give 2 examples

A

Site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus

47
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A
  • B cells transform into plasma cells-synthesize and secrete proteins (antibodies)
  • Effective against extracellular pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi in body fluids outside cells
  • Body fluids (humors)
48
Q

What are the specific fixed macrophage names?

Connective tissue, liver, lungs, nervous system

A
  1. Histiocytes-connective tissue
  2. Kupffer cells-liver
  3. Alveolar cells-lungs
  4. Microglial-nervous system
49
Q

IgD

A
  • Involved in activation of B cells
50
Q

Medullary cords

A
  1. dark staining
  2. contian B-lymphocytes that produce plasma cells and macrophages

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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