Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HE100 > Pregnancy and Child Birth > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Child Birth Flashcards

1
Q

How do we decide whether to have a child?

A

· must fully consider the impact of having a child
□ financial impact
□ child care responsibilities
□ change in lifestyle
□ child rearing (e.g. discipline, religion)
· maternal and paternal health
□ emotional, mental and physical
□ age of mother (35+ is a genetic pregnancy)
>35y associated with increased infertility, down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When can pregnancy occur?

A

· menstrual cycle - 28 days
· ovulation occurs on or around day 14
· sperm viable for up to a week
· ovum (female egg) capable of being fertilized to 48 hours
· pregnancy
day 6 - day 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the signs of pregnancy?

A

presumptive, probable and positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A

□ missed period
□ morning sickness, fatigue
increase in size and tenderness of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy?

A

□ increase in frequency of urination (embryo is near bladder)
□ increase in size of abdomen
positive pregnancy test (urinalysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Positive signs of pregnancy?

A

□ pregnancy test confirmed by blood test and pelvic exam
□ e.g. cervix softens by the sixth week
□ observation of fetus by ultrasound, fetal heartbeat (see at 5 weeks)
fetal movement - “quickening” - 16-25 weeks like gas in stomach, arm leg movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are home pregnancy tests?

A

· accuracy can be up to 99%
· urine: presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - occurs at implantation (takes 7-8 days)
· errors usually involve false negatives
· test done too soon
check expiration dates and follow instructions carefully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prenatal care- medical care early and throughout pregnancy?

A
  • monitor health of mother and baby
    ○ e.g. weight gain, BP, size and position of baby
    • mother or fetus?
    • early detection of fetal abnormalities
    • Nutritional status, support system?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prenatal care- Obstetrician, Family MD, Midwife, Nurse Practitioner present?

A
  • complete medical history, clinical exam
    • prenatal visits:
      ○ monthly to 28 weeks, bi-weekly to 36 weeks,
      …weekly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When should an Obstetrician, Family MD, Midwife, and Nurse Practitioner be present during prenatal care?

A
  • Family MD – in normal situation
  • Obstetrician – nowadays more common
  • Nurse Practitioner – weighing new born baby, looking for body health state
  • Partner should be visit commonly.
  • Final week for preparation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the prenatal classes:

A

□ lifestyle behaviors - healthy pregnancy
□ Labor and delivery - making a birth plan
□ psychosocial issues
○ bonding, parenting
○ body image
○ Social support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prenatal care- baby care?

A

· feeding, bathing, safety, growth & development
· equipment and supplies
- First time would be really helpful!
- Encourage the client to create a birth plan that is flexible
- Failure to progress? Have worst to prepare first, natural or surgical
Car seat should be implemented in car due to law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prenatal care- Well-balanced diet?

A
  • need for additional kcals, protein, iron, folate, essential fatty acids
    * adequate calcium, vitamin D
    * multi-vitamin (with Iron, folic acid) recommended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some benefits of a well-balanced diet during prenatal care?

A
  • proper nutrition supports the developing fetus
    * optimal maternal health - preparation for delivery
    * appropriate weight gain (no dieting!)
    ○ 11-16 kgs (25-35 lbs)
  • 350-450 kcals
  • Deficiency in vitamin D would be negative for permanented women
    Weight gain could be flexible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prenatal care- regular physical activity?

A
  • aerobic, strength training, flexibility
    • modifications in type, intensity, duration
      ○ avoid activities that risk balance, trauma, overheating
      avoid exercises on back beyond 3rd month
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the benefits of regular physical activity during prenatal care>

A
  • assists with weight management
    • reduces fatigue
    • improves GI function
    • eases delivery & recovery
  • Kegel exercises - ¯ risk of urinary incontinence
    Do regular exercise, adjust intensity
    Kegel exercises – training on vagina’s strength to hold urinary incontinence
17
Q

What are some risks factors associated with prenatal care?

A

Teratogenic effects: causing birth
* alcohol, drugs, toxic exposures, infectious diseases

avoid alcohol
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

no smoking
* ­ risk of miscarriage birth
* ­ risk of premature delivery, low birth weight
* discuss all medications with health care provider
* limit caffeine. Not even 8oz cup
No hot tubs, saunas

18
Q

Prenatal testing - screening?

A
  • Blood tests: e.g. MMS
    • pelvic ultrasound
      ○ high-frequency sound waves
      □ Fetal size and position
      can detect some fetal anomalies
19
Q

Prenatal testing - diagnostics?

A
  • amniocentesis
    ○ needle draws amniotic fluid from amniotic sac
    □ test for genetic abnormalities (e.g. Down Syndrome)
    • Chorionic villus sampling
      ○ sample of tissue from fetal sac
20
Q

What occurs during fetal development?

A
  • fertilization - outer 1/3 of fallopian tube
  • zygote (fertilized egg): first 7 days
  • blastocyst: 7-14 days
  • embryo: 2-8 weeks
  • fetus: 9th week to birth
  • Embryo – facial feature
  • Could be observe on prenatal women’s skin surface
    20th weeks and beyond start to develop organs. Increase in body size, connect to placenta.
21
Q

Pregnancy?

A
  • gestation period is 40 weeks
    • calculated from last menstrual period
  • pregnancy is divided into 3 trimester
22
Q

What happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • 1st trimester: few observable changes in mother
    • may experience:
      ○ fatigue
      ○ frequent urination
      ○ Nausea and vomiting
      ○ breast tenderness
    • minimal weight gain
      38 weeks since ovulation take out.
      Morning sickness – crackers in the morning because of sodium
      Nausea and vomiting are good signs here
23
Q

What happens during the second trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • noticeable changes in mother
    ○ Breast enlargement
    morning sickness typically subsides
24
Q

What happens during the third trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • fatigue, frequent urination
    Weight gain (significantly)
25
Q

What are some complication in pregnancy?

A
  • Ectopic pregnancy
    • embryo implants outside uterus - usually fallopian tube
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum
    • excessive vomiting during pregnancy
  • miscarriage - spontaneous abortion
    • loss of fetus before viability
  • Rh blood incompatibility
    • Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive fetus
      ○ maternal antibodies destroy fetal RBC’s
  • Women should be more accepted when they have miscarriage experience
    · gestational diabetes
    • mother does not produce enough insulin to handle increased blood sugar of pregnancy
      · premature labor: before 37 weeks, low weight of baby
  • premature rupture of membranes
    • risk of infection
  • stillbirth - baby born with no signs of life at or after 28 weeks’ gestation (WHO, 2015).
26
Q

What is labor?

A

· may be preceded by mild irregular contractions
□ Braxton hicks - “false labor”
· baby often rotates and drops into the pelvic girdle before the onset of labor - known as “lightening” (one path of least resistance)
· labor for a primigravida (first pregnancy)
□ usually 12-16 hours (average)
- Precipitate labor
Repaid labor and delivery

27
Q

What are the stages of labor and delivery?

A
  1. Effacement and Dilation of the cervix
  2. Delivery of the body - usually < 1 hour
  3. Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth )
28
Q
  1. Effacement and Dilation of the cervix ?
A

□ thinning (effacement)
□ opening of the cervix to 10 cm. (dilation)
· Amniotic sac ruptures
□ spontaneously or artificially (pelvic exam using instrument) - hind water leak: little amniotic fluid
· gradual increasing in intensity, duration of contractions( regular 5 minutes part then go to the hospital)
· usually the longest phase
· final phase is transition
- baby prepares to enter birth canal

29
Q
  1. Delivery of the body - usually < 1 hour?
A

· contractions are intense
□ baby moves through the birth canal
· baby is “crowning” when the top of the head is visible
□ usually presents head first
□ may be “breech” presentation
· Vernix - thick white substance that protects the skin
▪ Vernix is gone after a 38 week pregnancy
▪ Baby’s skin will be very dry
Sunnyside up position= harder delivery

30
Q
  1. Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth )?
A

usually within 30 minutes

31
Q

Fetal presentations?

A

cephalic: Path of least resistance 95% time or more

breech: Legs up, bottom down 1st time breech pregnancy is more complicated than C section

32
Q

What are caesarean sections?

A

· C-section (could be from improper positioning)
□ surgical removal of the baby through an incision in the abdominal wall delivery through birth canal not optimal or possible:
□ Cephalopelvic disproportion (different in size of head and pelvis head too big for inner pelvis)
□ Placenta previa
- placenta partially or fully covers cervix
□ fetal distress
- e.g. prolapsed cord or cord compression
□ placenta abruption
- premature separation of the placenta
□ the mother or baby’s health is at risk for any other reason

Classical incision - for fast delivery (up and down)

33
Q

What are some drugs in labor and delivery?

A

· Drug free labor and delivery - “natural childbirth”
□ Physical activity, positioning
□ massage, breathing techniques
· Pain management options:
□ regional anesthesia - epidural (freezes from the waist down, freezing around muscle in abdominal floor)
□ local anesthesia
□ general anesthesia
□ pain medications
 act systemically (could be transferred to baby)

34
Q

What occurs during postpartum?

A

· “postpartum”- period of time following delivery
□ begins in recovery room (as soon as baby is born)
□ Breast feeding initiated early (day 3)
□ bonding of mother and baby (baby nursing releases oxytocin to help contraction of uterus)
□ first 2-3 days colostrum - rich in antibodies (immunological boost)
· first 4-6 weeks:
□ family bonding, routine
mixed emotions, fatigue

35
Q

What is infertility and what are causes?

A

· usual causes:
□ irregular ovulation (not monthly 128 day cycle), blocked fallopian tubes, hormone imbalance (woman)
□ low sperm count, low sperm motility (not fast enough) (man)
10% of infertility cases have no known cause (idiopathic)

36
Q

What are infertility treatments for female and male?

A

· female:
□ hormone therapy to regular ovulation
□ cycle monitoring
□ surgical procedures to clear blocked fallopian tubes

·  male: testicles are too warm  boxer shorts and periodic cold packs
37
Q

What are some alternative insemination?

A

· sperm is deposited near the cervical opening or intrauterine
· Invitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer
· own sperm and eggs, donated sperm or eggs
· e.g. medical reasons, single, same sex couple
· use of surrogate
· inability to conceive or carry to term
· male same sex couple
Other Options?
adoption, foster, parenting

38
Q

What makes a responsible parent?

A

· what kids need from parents
□ unconditional love
□ to feel safe and secure
□ active interest, involvement & encouragement
□ firm rules, boundaries and expectations
□ to make age appropriate decisions
□ experience the consequences
respect

authoritative parenting: active interest, involvement & encouragement, and firm rules, boundaries and expectations

HE100 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions