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Theriogenology > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy Diagnosis (4 ways)

A

Palpation
Ultrasonography
Radiology
Relaxin hormone testing

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2
Q

Palpation

A

Can be inconclusive

25 to 40 days after conception; gentle abdominal palpation of chorionic vesicles

40 days to term; general caudal abdominal distention but no distinct puppy bumps (cohesive enlargement)

50 days to term (late gestation) may actually palpate individual fetuses

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3
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Best to perform after day 25

Assess fetal viability by heart beat after day 25

Can be used to monitor problem pregnancy and embryonic fetal loss

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4
Q

Radiography

A

Requires skeletal mineralization

Day 45 to term

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5
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 45

A

Mineralization of skull

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6
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 48

A

Scapula
Humerus
Femur

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7
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 52

A

Spinal column
Radius
Ulna
Tibia

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8
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 54

A

Pelvis

Ribs

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9
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 61

A 
Coccygeal vertebrae
Fibula
Calcaneus
Distal extremities 
Teeth
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10
Q

Hormones important during pregnancy

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
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11
Q

Progesterone during pregnancy

A

Elevated for duration of gestation
Maintains endometrial integrity
Attachment of placenta
Suppresses uterine contraction

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12
Q

Estrogen during pregnacy

A

Rises 10 to 15 days after LH surge

Supports progesterone secretion and progesterone receptors

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13
Q

Relaxin during pregnancy

A

Produced by placenta (by day 21-30)

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14
Q

Prolactin during pregnancy

A

Supports CL function

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15
Q

Growth Hormone during pregnancy

A

Increase leads to insulin resistance

Helps with mammary development

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16
Q

CBC/Chem Changes During Pregnancy

A

Normocytic, normochromic anemia

Mild neutrophilia
Hypercholesterolemia
Decreased TP
Decreased BUN and Creatinine
Insulin resistance
Decreased serum Calcium
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17
Q

Weight

A

Conception greatest for females with BCS below ideal weight

Overweight females have increased problems during pregnancy and higher chance of dystocia

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18
Q

Nutrition Demand

A

Greatest during last 3 weeks of gestation and during lactation

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19
Q

Nutrition: What to feed

A

NRC and AAFCO approved diet formulated for all life stages

Carbohydrates, protein, fat at proper proportion
Vitamins, minerals, aa

Do NOT provide extra calcium supplementation during pregnancy; can/will cause Hypocalcemia (dogs do not draw Ca from diet but from Ca stores)

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20
Q

Nutrition: How much to feed

A

Feed the same as done prior to pregnancy and increase only at 3 weeks prior to whelping (when energy demand increases significantly)

Increase fed gradually over 7, 8, and 9 weeks to 50% pre-breeding intake

Lactation: increase fed up to 3 times the pre-breeding by third week of lactation

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21
Q

When is fetal growth rate the greatest?

A

Last 3 weeks of the pregnancy

Female will increase BW by 25% during this time

22
Q

Pregnancy disorders relating to diet and energy (4)

A

Puerperal tetany/Eclampsia
Hypoglycemia
Pregnancy toxemia
Gestational diabetes mellitus

23
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia
When?
What occurs?

A

Occurs most frequently at highest lactation

Loss of membrane bound calcium allows easier depolarization of muscle fibers

24
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia

Clinical Signs

A 
Uterine inertia
Panting
Whining
Muscle fasciculations
Seizures
Hyperthermia
25
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia

Bloodwork Abdnormalities

A

Hypocalcemia with normal albumin

26
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia

Treatment

A

Acute: administer calcium slowly via IV

Monitor heart rate; stop injection with dysrhythmia

Oral supplementation with calcium carbonate and Vitamin D

27
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Uncommon

Clinical signs similar to puerperal tetany

Treat with IV dextrose

Check for glucosuria; R/O diabetes

28
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia

Cause

A

Uncommon in dogs

Life threatening for pups and mom; may have to terminate pregnancy

Cause:
Large litter size and inadequate nutrition -> ketosis (must differentiate from diabetes mellitus)
Anorexia during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy

29
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

How?

A

Progesterone stimulates growth hormone and leads to insulin resistance during late pregnancy

Could see DKA

30
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Diagnosis

A

High serum glucose or high urine glucose and urine ketones

Insulin therapy may help early in the disease

31
Q

Drug administration consideration

A

Puppy effects

Pregnancy associated changes in serum albumin, CO, renal clearance

32
Q

Class A Drug Type

A

Specific studies proven safe to use during pregnancy

33
Q

Class B Drug Type

A

Laboratory animal studies show some risk, but likely safe if used cautiously

34
Q

Class C Drug Type

A

Studies have shown potential risk and should be used only as last resort

35
Q

Class D Drug Type

A

Contraindicated during pregnancy

36
Q

Class A Antibiotics

A

Amoxicillin
Cephalosporin
Clavulanic acid
Clindamycin

37
Q

Class A Antifungal

A

Miconazole

38
Q

Class A Antiparasite

A

Fenbendazole

Pyrantel

39
Q

Class A Anesthetic

A

Lidocaine

Naloxone

40
Q

Class A Gastrointestinal

A

Antacids

Sucralfate

41
Q

Class B Antibiotics

A

Sulfonamides

TMS

42
Q

Class B Antifungal

A

Ketoconazole

43
Q

Class B Anesthetic

A 
Acepromazine
Fentanyl
Isoflurane
Morphine
Butorphenol
44
Q

Class B Gastrointestinal

A

Antiemetics

Metoclopramide

45
Q

Class B Cardiovascular

A

Dopamine
Heparin
Theophylline

46
Q

Class C Antibiotics

A

Chloramphenicol
Gentamycin
Metronidazole

47
Q

Class C Antiparasite

48
Q

Class C Anesthetic

A

Diazepam
Halothane
Thiopental

49
Q

Class C Endorine

A

Corticosteroids

50
Q

Class D Antibiotics

A

Ciprofloxacin
Enrofloxacin
Tetracycline
Streptomycin

51
Q

Class D Anesthetic

A

Pentobarbital

52
Q

Class D Endocrine

A

Diethylstibestrol
Estradiol
Stanozolol
Testosterone

Theriogenology (7 decks)

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