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Theriogenology > Contraception > Flashcards

Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

Risks of Breeding and Pregnancy

A 
Territorial based fighting
Aggression during breeding season
Injury during copulation
Infection
Sexually transmitted disease
Medical problems during pregnancy
Dystocia
Post-partum problems
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2
Q

Benefits of Contraception

A

Reduction of breeding and pregnancy risks
Reduce undesired behaviors
Increases life expectancy
Reduces disease of reproductive organs

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3
Q

Ovarioectomy

A

Removal of ovaries

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4
Q

Ovariohysterectomy

A

Removal of ovaries and uterus

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5
Q

Ovarioectomy and ovariohysterectomy problem

A

Removal of ovaries than no longer can continue negative LH feedback; LH consistantly high

LH receptors are located in numerous tissues; unsure what elevated LH levels do to effect other tissues however

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6
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of uterus

Now ovaries can respond to LH, will not get bloody discharge b/c no uterus

Higher chance of developing mammary neoplasia (can be quite common)

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7
Q

Autoligation

A

Sutureless scrotal castration

Must be in cat or very small dog

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8
Q

Prepubertal Surgery

Benefits

A

Population control

Significantly reduced mammary neoplasia

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9
Q

When is puberty reached?

A

When animal has reached 70% of adult bodyweight

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10
Q

Prepubertal Surgery

Concerns

A

Failure of gonadal hormone influenced development (vulva, penis, long bones)

Long bone development is driven by estrogen; long bones get longer because the physis does not close at proper time

Increased chance of obesity

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11
Q

Mammary Neoplasia

A

Most common tumor in dog

7x more likely in intact female
0.5% incidence if spayed prior to first estrus

Mammary gland development during diestrus diminishes protective effect of spaying with each subsequent estrus

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12
Q

Mammary Neoplasia

Canine vs. Feline

A

Canine: 50% malignant
Feline: 90% malignant

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13
Q

What neoplasias increase (risk) with gonadectomy?

Why?

A 
Prostate
Transitional cell carcinoma
Hemangiosarcoma (low incidence)
Osteosarcoma (low incidence) 
\+/- lymphoma
\+/- mast cell tumor

Why?
Suspected; persistent elevation of LH and other hormones of hypothalamus and pituitary gland may have significant role

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14
Q

Metabolic Disease in Neutered Animals

A

Increased diabetes mellitus in Burmese cats (decreased sensitivity to insulin and/or obesity)

Hypothyroidism in dogs reported to increase in some studies (persistent hypothalamic stimulation and persistent GnRH may affect TRH and TSH)

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15
Q

Orthopedic Disease in Neutered Animals

A

Estrogen causes closure of long bone growth plates (males and females)

Gonadectomy prior to closure causes continued bone growth, asymmetry of bones, laxity of joints

May increase chance of hip dysplasia, ACL injury, growth plate fractures

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16
Q

Genito-Urinary Problems in Neutered Animals

A

Estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence in spayed females (usually if spayed early)

Inverted vulva (if spayed young)

17
Q

Kinds of non-surgical contraception

A 
Hormones
GnRH (agonist, antagonist, receptors) 
Affects FSH and LH
Immuno-contraception
Chemical sterilant
18
Q

Progestins

What is it? How does it work?

A

Contraceptive

Mimics progesterone => body thinks female is pregnant

Not recommended because of frequent serious side effects (pyometra, diabetes mellitus, increased mammary tumors, adrenocortical suppression)

19
Q

Androgens for female contraception
Examples
What does it do?
Adverse effects?

A

Tesosterone and mibolerone

Causes negative feedback blocking LH release -> delays estrus

Idiosyncratic liver failure
Masculinization effects

20
Q

GnRH Agonist
Examples
What does it do?

A

Deslorelin implants (licensed for use outside the US)

Initial stimulation then prolonged suppression of GnRH => enters estrus than will get out of it
Lasts months to years; individual dependent

FDA approved for horses and adrenal disease in ferrets ONLY

21
Q

GnRH Antagonists

A

Effective within short time after administration; requires frequent administration

Blocks pituitary GnRH receptors

Not available in veterinary medicine yet

22
Q

GnRH Vaccines

A

Stimulates antibodies to GnRH (small molecule poorly recognized by immune system) - inconsistent however so not available for feline and canine

Effective as one-injection for several years (1-4): USDA use in white-tailed deer

23
Q

Chemical Sterilant

Examples

A

Zinc gluconate and arginine (approved in US)

Calcium chloride (not approved in US)

24
Q

Chemical Sterilant

How it works

A

Testicular degeneration and permanent sterility

Intra-testicular injection (extremely painful)
Sedation and analgesia

25
Q

Castrate after or close to musculoskeletal maturity which is…

A

7-8 months for small breed dogs

2 years for large breed dogs (can do at 12-14 months)

Theriogenology (7 decks)

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