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Phys: Endocrine > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Define fertilization

A

Fertilization occurs when the chromosomes from the male & female gametes come together in the ovum

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2
Q

When does fertilization usually occur?

A

Usually occurs around day 14 of female ovarian cycle

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3
Q

When does the embryo enter the uterus?

A

Day 4-6 after fertilization

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4
Q

Define implantation

A

Act of burrowing into endometrium

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5
Q

When is an embryo called a blastocyte?

A

During implantation

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6
Q

What structures are present in the blastocyte?

A 
1. Inner cell mass 
A. Future embryo
2. Trophoblast 
A. Outer layer
B. Provides nourishment for embryo
C. Becomes placenta
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7
Q

What cells contribute to the placental development?

A
  1. Both embryonic & maternal tissues contribute to placenta
    A. Trophoblastic and blastocyst cells proliferate
    B. Trophoblastic cells, with endometrial cells, form placenta
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8
Q

Where does the embryo get nutrition for the first 8 weeks of pregnancy?

A
  1. As trophoblastic cells invade endometrium, stored nutrients in endometrium are used by embryo for growth and development
  2. Embryo continues to obtain nutrients as above until week 8 when placenta begins to form
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9
Q

Where does the mesoderm of the placenta develop from?

A

Trophoblast gives rise to formation of mesoderm

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10
Q

What two cells layers form chorionic villi?

A

Inner cell mass and trophoblast

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11
Q

What is the chorionic villi?

A
  1. Chorionic villi are intricate network of blood vessels
  2. come into direct contact with maternal blood
    A. Microscopic projections that line the chorion, the outermost layer of the embryonic sac
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12
Q

Why are the chorionic villi important?

A
  1. Surgeons sample these projections for genetic testing because they contain the same genetic material as a fetus (>90% accuracy)
  2. Able to be sampled before amniotic fluid
  3. Very low risk of miscarriage
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13
Q

How does the umbilical cord form?

A
  1. Embryo connects to the chorion through small stalk that carries blood to and from placenta
  2. Stalk becomes umbilical cord when embryonic vessels form over the next 2 weeks
  3. Once vascular connection is formed, nutrients, wastes, & other substances begin diffusing between mom’s blood & embryo’s blood across chorionic villi
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14
Q

How long does it take the umbilical cord to form?

A

usually occurs by the end of the first month of pregnancy

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15
Q

What is the chorion?

A

The outermost layer of the embryonic sac

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16
Q

When is the placenta formed by? How is this related to growth of the chorionic villi?

A
  1. Chorionic villi continue to grow in complexity until placenta is formed, usually about the beginning of the fourth month of pregnancy
  2. Chorionic villi are the precursor to the placenta
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17
Q

What is the flow of blood through the placenta?

A
  1. Blood flows to placenta through paired umbilical arteries & away from placenta through umbilical vein
18
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce?

A
  1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
  2. Estrogens
  3. Progesterone
19
Q

What is HCG secreted by?

A
  1. Secreted by fetal tissues

2. Occurs coincidentally with the development of trophoblast

20
Q

What vessels of the placenta carry oxygenated blood?

A

umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood & nutrients to fetus

21
Q

What vessels of the placenta carry deoxygenated blood and wastes?

A

Umbilical arteries carry wastes & deoxygenated blood to placenta

22
Q

When can HCG be measured? How does secretion rates change during pregnancy?

A
  1. Can be measured 8 days after ovulation
    A. Ovum implants in endometrium
  2. Rate of secretion rises rapidly over first 8 weeks
  3. Decreases to low values at 16-20 weeks
23
Q

What is the function of HCG?

A
  1. Stimulates corpus luteum to produce greater quantities than usual of progesterone and estrogen
    A. Causes endometrium to thicken and store nutrients
24
Q

When does the placenta begin to secrete estrogen and progesterone?

A

After 7 weeks gestation, placenta begins to secrete sufficient quantities of progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy

25
Q

What is the concentration of estrogen production by the placenta?

A

Increases to approximately 30x normal by end of pregnancy

26
Q

What are the functions of estrogen in a pregnant woman?

A
  1. Enlargement of uterus
  2. Enlargement of breast stromal tissue and growth of breast ductal tissue
  3. Relax pelvic ligaments
    A. Facilitate passage of baby through birth canal
27
Q

What is the concentration of progesterone production by the placenta?

A

Increases ten-fold by end of pregnancy

28
Q

What are the functions of progesterone in a pregnant woman?

A
  1. Causes decidual cells to develop in endometrium
    A. Important role in nutrition of embryo
  2. Decreases contractility of pregnant uterus
    A. Prevents spontaneous abortions
  3. Prepares mom’s breasts for lactation
    A. Growth of lobules and alveoli
29
Q

define parturition

A

Expulsion of fetus

30
Q

When does normal parturition occur?

A

Occurs approximately 266 days after fertilization & 280 days after last menstrual period

31
Q

What hormonal changes occur at the end of gestation?

A 
1. Estrogen levels rise 
A. From placenta
2. Oxytocin levels rise 
A. Stimulated by high estrogen levels & distortion of cervix
3. Prostaglandin production 
A. Stimulated by estrogen & oxytocin
32
Q

What is the dilation stage of labor?

A

cervix dilates & fetus descends into birth canal

33
Q

What is the expulsion stage of labor?

A

cervix fully dilated, fetus emerges from birth canal

34
Q

What is the placental stage of labor?

A
  1. connection between uterus & placenta breaks, allowing delivery of placenta
    A. Afterbirth
35
Q

What is lactation stimulated by?

A

Milk formation: Prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary

36
Q

When do prolactin levels begin to rise?

A
  1. Secretion rises steadily from 5th week gestation until birth
    A. Level 10x normal by delivery
37
Q

When does milk begin to be released after birth?

A
  1. Promotes secretion of milk

A. Within 2-3 days after birth, breasts begin to secrete milk

38
Q

Define colostrum

A
  1. Colostrum contains more proteins & less fat than breast milk
  2. Infant ingests this in first 2 or 3 days of life
  3. High levels of IgGs
39
Q

When does colostrum secretion begin?

A

By the end of 6th month pregnancy, mammary glands secrete colostrum

40
Q

When does milk production begin to occur?

A

As colostrum production drops, mammary glands produce breast milk

41
Q

What is the composition of breast milk?

A

Consists of water, proteins, amino acids, lipids, sugars, salts, & lysozymes

42
Q

Describe the milk let down reflex

A
  1. Mammary gland secretion triggered when infant sucks on nipple
  2. Tactile receptors stimulate neurons in paraventricular nucleus of mom’s hypothalamus
  3. These neurons release oxytocin at post pituitary gland
  4. When oxytocin reaches mammary gland, myoepithelial cells of lactiferous ducts & sinuses contract, resulting in milk ejection

Phys: Endocrine (9 decks)

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