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Phys: Endocrine > Hormonal Control of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism > Flashcards

Hormonal Control of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What functions does calcium participate in?

A
  1. Nerve function
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Blood clotting
  4. Bone and teeth
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2
Q

what functions does phosphate participate in?

A
  1. ATP
  2. Biological buffer
  3. DNA
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3
Q

Where is most calcium stored?

A

Bone

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4
Q

Where is most phosphorous stored?

A

Intracellularly and bone

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5
Q

How is phosphate brought into the body?

A

Diet

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6
Q

How is phosphate excreted?

A

Urine

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7
Q

What 3 hormones regulate calcium?

A
  1. PTH
  2. 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol: calcitriol
  3. Calcitonin
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8
Q

What cells release PTH?

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid

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9
Q

When is PTH released? What does it do?

A
  1. When calcium levels are low (below 8.5 mg/dL), detected by the parathyroid gland
  2. PTH secreted into the blood
  3. PTH reaches target organs
    A. osteoclasts resorb bone
    B. Kidney retains Calcium and promotes activation of an inactive form of vitamin D to an active form of vitamin D
    C. Small intestine increases absorption of more calcium under the influence of calcitriol
  4. Calcium Levels rise and inhibit PTH
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10
Q

What coenzyme helps facilitate absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestine?

A
  1. Vitamin D
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11
Q

Where is vitamin D activated?

A
  1. Formation and hydroxylation of vitamin D3. 25-Hydroxylation takes place in the liver, and the other hydroxylations (1, 25-hydroxy D3) occur primarily in the kidneys.
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12
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A
  1. Sun

2. Diet and supplementation of D3 and D2

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13
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

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14
Q

What is the stimulus for calcitonin release?

A

Secreted in response to increased plasma calcium levels above 11 mg/dL for adults

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15
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  1. Lowers circulating plasma calcium and phosphate levels
    A. Inhibits bone resorption
    B. Increases Ca excretion
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16
Q

Define hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Excessive PTH secretion that results in:
    A. Increased plasma calcium level
    B. Decreased plasma phosphate level
17
Q

Why is hypercalcemia a problem?

A
  1. Excess Ca enters cells
  2. Results in decreased membrane excitability
  3. Effects cardiac muscle & nervous system
    A. bradycardia, shortened Qt interval
    B. Fatigue, confusion, decreased LOC
    C. Constipation, anorexia
18
Q

What can cause primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyoid adenoma

19
Q

What can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Vitamin D deficiency or CRF

20
Q

What are the sxs of hypercalcemia?

A

Bones, stones, thrones, abdominal groans, psychiatric moans, with fatigue overtones

21
Q

What does (hypoparathyroidism) deficiency of PTH result in?

A
  1. Decreased plasma calcium level

2. Increased plasma phosphate level

22
Q

Why is hypocalcemia a problem?

A
  1. Disturbances in cell membrane potential

2. Results in cardiac & neuromuscular irritability

23
Q

What are the sxs of hypocalcemia?

A 
1. CATS
A. Convulsions
B. Arrhythmias
C. Tetany
D. Stridor & spasms
  1. Parathesias
    A. Lips, tongue, fingers & feet
  2. Pos Chovstek’s Sign
  3. Pos Trousseau Sign
24
Q

When does hypocalcemia occur?

A

Following thyroid or parathyroid surgery

25
Q

What causes RIckets disease and osteomalacia?

A
  1. Caused by insufficient Vitamin D

A. Results in inadequate calcium and phosphate for bone mineralization

26
Q

What are the sxs of childhood rickets?

A
  1. Stunted growth

2. Severe bow-legged

27
Q

What are the sxs of adult osteomalacia?

A
  1. bone malformation

2. Fractures

28
Q

What is renal riscket’s disease?

A
  1. Limited production of Vitamin D due to kidneys damage

A. PTH cannot convert 25 hydroxycalciferol to active 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Phys: Endocrine (9 decks)

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