Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

As the sperm is deposited into the vagina, before fertilizing the egg?

A

Sperm undergoes capacitation, which is rapid maturation helping the sperm swim rapidly in the female reproductive system

Capacitation involves the following:
1. glycoprotein is removed
2. intracellular changes
3. develop strong whip-like motion

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2
Q

From the female side, what aids in the movement of the sperm

A

uterine contraction

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3
Q

Where does fertilization occur? does fertilization always happen rapidly or can it occur over a couple of days

A

fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and if there is an egg already there the sperm can fuse to it, however the sperm can stay in the fallopian tube for uptown 4 days upon arrival of egg

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4
Q

What chemical guides the sperm to the egg

A

chemotaxis

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5
Q

acromsomal enzymes

A

enzymes on the sperm that will remove layers of the head to allow the sperm head to penetrate the oocyte and release genetic material

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6
Q

What happens at fertilization

A

the first sperm to penetrate oocyte membrane wins

triggers depolarization of oocyte

sperm nucleus enter oocyte and meiosis 2 is complete

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7
Q

What happens after fertilization

A

Day 1: Fertilization
Day 2-4: Cell Division takes place
Day 4-5: Blastocyte (cell complex) reaches uterus
Day 5-9 Blastocyte implants on uterus

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8
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

fertilization hormone that maintains the corpus luteum and prevents next menstrual cycle

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9
Q

how does hCG maintain corpus luteum?

A

by increased progesterone levels to keep endometrium intact

it also inhibits pituitary- preventing negative feedback

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10
Q

role of placenta

A

performs role of digestion, renal, and respiratory system for fetus

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11
Q

Fill in the blank.

______ is a temporary endocrine gland.

A

placenta

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12
Q

what hormone does the placenta release

A

it converts cholesterol to progesterone

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13
Q

how can the placenta produce estrogen

A

from receiving DHEA from fetal adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Function of hCG

A

maintain corpus luteum

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15
Q

Function of progesterone

A

suppress uterine contraction and

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16
Q

function of estrogen

A

uterine and breast duct development

17
Q

function of human placental lactogen

A

diverts energy from the mom to the baby

stimulates maternal lipolysis- and breakdown of fats for baby

18
Q

First trimester

A

0-12 weeks, embryonic development

19
Q

Second Trimester

A

12-28 weeks, fetal development

20
Q

Third Trimester

A

28 weeks-delivery, fetal maturation

21
Q

Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy

A

Renal: increased vasopressin, increased water retention

Cardiovascular: increased output

Immune: partially suppressed m

Calcium Homeostasis: more bone resorption (bone is broken down)- calcium transfers to fetus
calcitonin also increases

22
Q

What triggers labour?

A

Relaxin in released from ovary and placenta loosens and causes cervix to soften

the trigger is fetus dropping lower in the uterus causing cervical stretch, releasing oxytocin

23
Q

What hormones are increased during labour

A

estrogen and oxytocin in uterus

fetal cortisol

CRH

Prostaglandins

24
Q

is progesterone and estrogen important for milk production

A

although it is important for development of mammary glands, it inhibits milk release until after birth

25
Q

What hormones are responsible for milk production

A

prolactin stimulate milk producing cells

oxytocin causes constriction and squeezing of myoepithelial cells which release milk from duct

26
Q

What regulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin from the pituitary

A

a baby’s cry and the baby sucking the nipple