Pregnancy

Question 1

As the sperm is deposited into the vagina, before fertilizing the egg?

Answer 1

Sperm undergoes capacitation, which is rapid maturation helping the sperm swim rapidly in the female reproductive system

Capacitation involves the following:
1. glycoprotein is removed
2. intracellular changes
3. develop strong whip-like motion

Question 2

From the female side, what aids in the movement of the sperm

Answer 2

uterine contraction

Question 3

Where does fertilization occur? does fertilization always happen rapidly or can it occur over a couple of days

Answer 3

fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and if there is an egg already there the sperm can fuse to it, however the sperm can stay in the fallopian tube for uptown 4 days upon arrival of egg

Question 4

What chemical guides the sperm to the egg

Answer 4

chemotaxis

Question 5

acromsomal enzymes

Answer 5

enzymes on the sperm that will remove layers of the head to allow the sperm head to penetrate the oocyte and release genetic material

Question 6

What happens at fertilization

Answer 6

the first sperm to penetrate oocyte membrane wins

triggers depolarization of oocyte

sperm nucleus enter oocyte and meiosis 2 is complete

Question 7

What happens after fertilization

Answer 7

Day 1: Fertilization
Day 2-4: Cell Division takes place
Day 4-5: Blastocyte (cell complex) reaches uterus
Day 5-9 Blastocyte implants on uterus

Question 8

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 8

fertilization hormone that maintains the corpus luteum and prevents next menstrual cycle

Question 9

how does hCG maintain corpus luteum?

Answer 9

by increased progesterone levels to keep endometrium intact

it also inhibits pituitary- preventing negative feedback

Question 10

role of placenta

Answer 10

performs role of digestion, renal, and respiratory system for fetus

Question 11

Fill in the blank.

______ is a temporary endocrine gland.

Answer 11

placenta

Question 12

what hormone does the placenta release

Answer 12

it converts cholesterol to progesterone

Question 13

how can the placenta produce estrogen

Answer 13

from receiving DHEA from fetal adrenal cortex

Question 14

Function of hCG

Answer 14

maintain corpus luteum

Question 15

Function of progesterone

Answer 15

suppress uterine contraction and

Question 16

function of estrogen

Answer 16

uterine and breast duct development

Question 17

function of human placental lactogen

Answer 17

diverts energy from the mom to the baby

stimulates maternal lipolysis- and breakdown of fats for baby

Question 18

First trimester

Answer 18

0-12 weeks, embryonic development

Question 19

Second Trimester

Answer 19

12-28 weeks, fetal development

Question 20

Third Trimester

Answer 20

28 weeks-delivery, fetal maturation

Question 21

Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy

Answer 21

Renal: increased vasopressin, increased water retention

Cardiovascular: increased output

Immune: partially suppressed m

Calcium Homeostasis: more bone resorption (bone is broken down)- calcium transfers to fetus
calcitonin also increases

Question 22

What triggers labour?

Answer 22

Relaxin in released from ovary and placenta loosens and causes cervix to soften

the trigger is fetus dropping lower in the uterus causing cervical stretch, releasing oxytocin

Question 23

What hormones are increased during labour

Answer 23

estrogen and oxytocin in uterus

fetal cortisol

CRH

Prostaglandins

Question 24

is progesterone and estrogen important for milk production

Answer 24

although it is important for development of mammary glands, it inhibits milk release until after birth

Question 25

What hormones are responsible for milk production

Answer 25

prolactin stimulate milk producing cells oxytocin causes constriction and squeezing of myoepithelial cells which release milk from duct

Question 26

What regulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin from the pituitary

Answer 26

a baby's cry and the baby sucking the nipple