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PSL300 > Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the female reproductive system

A

uterus, fallopian tube, ovary

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2
Q

What is the main difference between males and females when it comes to sex cell formation in fetal development

A

in males mitosis continues throughout out adulthood-always have production of new sperm cell cells because the spermatogonia that doesn’t go through meiosis continues to divide
in females, mitosis only occurs in embryonic life- the primary oocyte at meiosis 1 will stop and resume at meiosis 2 only if it selected after puberty

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3
Q

Oocytes

A

these are also known as eggs. the female sex cells

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4
Q

How are oocytes produced?

A

During fetal development, the primordial germ cells will go through mitosis many times- oogonia (the end result of mitosis)
2. oogonia will enter meiosis 1, duplicate their DNA and stop- at birth females have their primary oocytes
3. After puberty one primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and enters meiosis 2 to become secondary oocyte every 28 days
4. the secondary oocyte will only complete meiosis 2 if the oocyte is fertilized.

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5
Q

What happens if the oocyte is not fertilized?

A

it will die 12-24 hours after ovulation

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6
Q

What is the outline of oocyte maturation

A

primary follicles surround the oocytes and every 28 days 5-10 follicles are recruited but only one will move to full maturation

  1. primary follicle
  2. secondary follicle
  3. early tertiary follicle
  4. dominant follicle
  5. the follicle will rupture releasing the oocyte
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7
Q

What happens to the oocytes that do not reach full maturation

A

they undergo atresia- hormonally regulated cell death

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8
Q

Role of Granulosa cells

A

immediately surround the oocyte and helps with its development

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9
Q

Role of Theca Cells

A

secrete steroid hormone precursor

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10
Q

what are the components of the menstrual cycle?

A

ovarian and uterine cycles

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11
Q

What 2 phases make up the ovarian phase?

A

Follicular phase and luteal phase

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12
Q

Steps in the ovarian cycle

A
  1. small number of primordial follicles develop
  2. becomes a primary follicle with theca and granuloma cells. theca cells synthesize androgens which are converted into estrogens in granulosa cells
  3. some follicles develop to secondary follicles
  4. Structure becomes tertiary follicle
  5. dominant follicle (Graafian) develops
  6. Graafian follicle ruptures releasing oocyte and ovulation begins
  7. the oocyte will jump to the fallopian tube and Cumbria will capture oocyte and move it to uterus
  8. the follicular cells left behind will become corpus luteum- which releases progesterone and estrogen
  9. if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates

if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to make progesterone and estrogen until the end of the first trimester

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13
Q

What is the scar tissue of the degenerated corpus luteum called?

A

corpus albicans

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14
Q

What is the LH surge? when does this happen?

A

the LH surge occurs during the follicular stage when the follicular cells release collagenase (digest the connective tissuee at the end of the ovary) and progesterone (facilitate expulsion of oocyte by causing smooth muscle contraction)

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15
Q

Luteal phase

A

the ruptured follicle will turn into corpus luteum and will regress- its fate will depend on whether the oocyte becomes fertilized

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16
Q

when does the ovarian cycle occur?

A

during days 14-28

17
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

blood vessels in the endometrium undergo constriction that causes shedding of the endometrial lining

18
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus that contains blood vessels

19
Q

Why does the inner lining of the endometrium shed?

A

due to declining levels of progesterone and estrogen, which are signs of no fertilization

no fertilization means that the thickened part of the endometrium is no longer needed

20
Q

What is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

this is where the endometrium develops in response to estrogen. the endometrial lining thickens as blood supply to tissues is re-established

21
Q

what is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

glands in the endometrium secret viscous fluid. endometrial cells deposit lipid and glycogen in cytoplasm under the influence of progesterone and estrogen

22
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle

A
  1. menstrual phase
  2. proliferative phase
  3. secretory phase
23
Q

how are the ovarian and uterine cycles integrated and overlap

A
  1. when the follicle is growing so does the endometrium
  2. as we enter the luteal phase of ovarian cycle, the endometrium continues to expand and thicken in preparation for a fetus
  3. if there is no fertilization, corpus albican signals to the endometrium to start shedding because there is no
24
Q

what are the estrogen and progesterone levels during the follicular, menses and proliferative phases

A

in this phase, this is where the follicle is growing, so estrogen is triggered but progesterone stays low

25
Q

what are the estrogen and progesterone levels during the luteal and secretory phase

A

at the end of the follicular phase estrogen drops and progesterone starts to spike due to the corpus luteum as a way to help the potential fetus

estrogen also starts to see a slight increase from the corpus luteum

26
Q

how is the menstrual cycle regulated?

A

by GnRH, FSH, and LH

27
Q

how is the role of LH different between males and females

A

in males it is only FSH that contributes to gamete production, however in females LH and FSH contribute to gamete production

28
Q

What hormones are impacted or triggered during the early follicular/ menses phase

A

gonad hormone levels: both FSH and LH levels are low
there are some follicular formation
ovarian hormone levels: estrogen is high and inhibin and progesterone is low
uterine cycle: menstruation and shedding of endometrium

29
Q

what exactly is happening during the early follicular/menses phase?

A

LH stimulates the release of androgens from the theca cells

FSH converts estrogen from granulosa cells

granulosa cells secrete AMH to prevent the recruitment of additional follicles

estrogen exerts positive feedback on granulosa cells, increasing proliferation and estrogen

estrogen exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus/pituitary- which shuts down FSH and LH

30
Q

in the early follicular phase, why would is the negative control on FSH and LH not a bad thing?

A

because the granulosa cells are able to produce their own estrogen at this point

31
Q

What exactly happens during the late follicular/proliferative phase?
(Day 5-14)

A

Tertiary follicle is present

follicular cells secrete inhibin, estrogen, and progesterone

inhibin inhibits FSH because we don’t really need it

progesterone increases pituitary sensitivity to GnRH- which increases LH levels

High estrogen increases frequency of LH

In this phase we experience an LH surge that triggers the completion of meiosis 1 and ovulation

32
Q

hormones impacted by the late follicular phase/ proliferation

A

LH: strong increase
GnRH: High increase
estrogen and progesterone: increase
inhibin: increase
FSH: decreased

33
Q

What happens during the early to mid luteal phase

A

after day 14, LH drops

Progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin increases

negative feedback of the previous hormones on hypothalamus and GnRH

34
Q

What happens during late luteal phase

A

corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis if egg not fertilized

progesterone and estrogen levels fall

GnRH and hypothalamus activity begins again and LH and FSH release

35
Q

what is menopause

A

the ovaries are unable to respond to LH or FSH

estradiol and progesterone levels fall

lack of negative feedback causes FSH and LH to rise

36
Q

how do birth control pills work to prevent pregnancy

A

they contain both progesterone and estrogen which when increased in the body, will cause negative regulation of GnRH and hypothalamus which will inhibit FSH and LH, preventing follicular maturation

PSL300 (15 decks)

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