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PSL300 > Growth Hormone and Thyroid Hormone > Flashcards

Growth Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones that will be sent to the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the structure of the pituitary gland

A

composed of two glands fused into one; posterior and anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

What are the two neurohormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin

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4
Q

T/F. posterior pituitary gland is only used to secrete neurohormones from hypothalamus. It does not make any of its own hormones

A

true

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5
Q

how do bones grow

A

we have epiphyseal growth plates and in infancy, most of our bones are made up of cartilage and as we get older we produce more chondrocytes (cartilage) causing the growth plates to widen, older cartilage will die and be replaced by osteoblasts which will form new bone by adulthood our growth plates will close

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6
Q

Growth hormone

A

peptide hormone that is downstream of anterior pituitary axis

controls bone growth

acts in liver to stimulate IGF

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7
Q

What stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)

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8
Q

What inhibits the release of Growth Hormone

A

somatostatin and sufficient production of IGF

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9
Q

What is the function of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)?

A

IGF-1 has growth-promoting effects on almost every cell in the body.

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10
Q

How do GH and IGF1 promote bone growth together?

A

GH stimulates secretion of IGF1 and together they recruit chondrocytes to increase cell proliferation

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11
Q

What are some catabolic actions of GH

A

Adipose effects: breaks down fat to get energy for growing effects

Amino acids: increases uptake of AA to enhance cell proliferation and reduce apoptosis

Liver: Gh stimulates liver to facilitate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis- feeling growth effects

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12
Q

What condition is characterized by excess GH in adulthood?

A

Acromegaly

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13
Q

What condition is characterized by excess GH in childhood?

A

Gigantism

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14
Q

How is thyroid hormone synthesis initiated?

A

Iodine is ionized into iodide and will then be brought into the follicular cells
thyroglobulin and iodine is secreted into colloid

iodide is coupled to precursor (thyroglobulin) and will combine with tyrosine to form variations of complex

the complex will move back into the cells in vesicles- enzymes in vesicles will cleave off T3 and T4 and these free T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone) will enter circulation

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15
Q

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

A

Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

TRH moves to anterior pituitary where it will secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH moves to thyroid gland and the thyroid hormones are produced

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16
Q

Where are negative feedback loops present in thyroid hormone regulation

A

sufficient production of thyroid hormone will turn off TRH production and TSH production

TSH production can turn of TRH production

17
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates synthesis and activity of enzymes involved in T4 T3 synthesis

activates transcription factors that stimulate thyroid growth

18
Q

What are the primary functions of thyroid hormones?

A

regulates metabolism and increase processes of basal metabolism

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4 bind to nuclear receptors and form homo/heterodimers with retinoid acid receptor and alter gene transcription.

20
Q

What is the role of TRH in thyroid hormone regulation?

A

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

21
Q

what is thyroid hormone secretion from thyroid gland controlled by

A

TRH from hypothalamus
TSH from anterior pituitary

22
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Tumors
  • Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (Graves’ disease)
23
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
  • Nervousness
  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety
  • High heart rate
  • Weight loss
  • Exophthalmos
24
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune disease where immune system produces antibodies that look like TSH that can bind to TSH receptor and stimulate more thyroid hormone release

25
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease and tumours

26
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

A deficiency of thyroid hormones.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Goiter
  • Slowed heart rate
  • Fatigue
  • Cold intolerance
  • Stunted growth in infants
28
Q

What is the effect of iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone production?

A

It leads to an inability to produce T3 and T4, resulting in excess TSH secretion and potentially goiter.

29
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Exogenous thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine)

PSL300 (10 decks)

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