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Clinical Chemistry > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal human pregnancy is approx how long?

A

40 wks

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2
Q

How is the start of gestation measured?

A

Starts at the first day of last menstrual period for standardization purposes

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3
Q

1st trimester

A

day of conception-12 wks

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4
Q

2nd trimester

A

13-26th weeks

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5
Q

3rd trimester

A

26-delivery

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6
Q

Gestation

A

Indication of fetal dev from last period

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7
Q

Conception

A

Indication of dev from date the sperm fertilizes the ovum

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8
Q

Ovulation

A

Ovum (egg) released from ovary to fallopian tube

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9
Q

Zygote

A

Ovum fertilized by sperm, in fallopian tube

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10
Q

Blastocyst

A
  • Cluster of 50-60 cells with a cavity to form a yolk sac
  • Goal is to implant into uterine wall approx 5 days after fertilization
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11
Q

Placenta

A

Functional interface btwn mom and fetus that secretes hormones and growth factors into mom with physiological effects

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12
Q

Embryo

A

Cluster of cells once implantation happens

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13
Q

Organogenesis

A
  • Embryo makes organs
  • Takes 10 weeks
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14
Q

When are organs developed, heartbeat, moves arms and legs, 8 cm long, weighs 13 g?

A

10 wks past conception

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15
Q

When does the baby grow rapidly moves freely, hiccups, can yawn, genitalia visible, release functional sex hormones?

A

2nd trimester

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16
Q

When can premature births survive if sufficient prenatal care is available?

A

26th week of gestation

17
Q

When does the fetus gain 200 g/wk (7 oz), eyes open and blink, practice breathing, sucking reflex at 34 weeks?

A

3rd trimester

18
Q

When does the baby mainly dev muscle, build fat storage, practice movements required for life after delivery?

A

Last 4 weeks of gestation

19
Q

When does delivery happen?

A

38-42 wks

20
Q

Describe hormone changes throughout pregnancy

A
  • Progesterone increases throughout pregnancy until close to term when levels drop (needed to maintain pregnancy)
  • Estrogen levels rise as progesterone levels drop
  • Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions
21
Q

Plasma volume during pregnancy

A
  • Steady increase over course of pregnancy directly proportional to fetus weight in 3rd trimester
  • More vol to compensate for baby growth
  • PV increase 50-85% compared to pre-pregnancy
  • Extracellular vol increase 30-50%
  • Increase helps maintain BP, dilutes out peripheral whole blood which falsely appears to decrease RBC count
22
Q

RAAS transformation during pregnancy

A
  • Activated during pregnancy
  • Underfilling of arteries and release of relaxin
  • Hypothalamus releases AVP/ADH from posterior pituitary
  • Aldosterone secreted by adrenal glands to retain Na (increases PV)
23
Q

Relaxin

A

Hormone produced by ovaries and placenta that helps body stretch for delivery

24
Q

Which analytes decrease during pregnancy?

A
  • Iron (Hgb synthesis)
  • Iodine
  • Protein catabolism (increased LDL by liver)
  • Calcium
25
Q

Why is calcium important for the fetus?

A
  • Needs 30-50 g/day of free calcium
  • Calcium released by mom’s bones if sufficient calcium unavailable in mom’s circulation (can have dental problems after)
26
Q

Which hormones/steroids increase in pregnancy?

A
  • Estradiol
  • Prostaglandin
  • Endothelium-dep factors cause peripheral dilation
  • Relaxin
  • Prolactin
  • Hormones affecting insulin sensitivity in mom (human placental lactogen, GH, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin)
27
Q

T/F
Cardiac output increases 20% by 8 weeks and maternal heart rate increases 10-20 bpm

A

True

28
Q

Glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy

A
  • GFR increases due to vasodilation and increased PV
  • More filtration of creatinine, uric acid, and BUN -> decreases plasma levels
29
Q

Serum creatinine in pregnancy

A

0.5 mg/dl

30
Q

Serum BUN in pregnancy

A

8.9 mg/dl

31
Q

Hyperventilation during pregnancy

A
  • Increased demand for O2
  • Increased pO2 and decreased pCO2
  • Normal to have mild, fully compensated resp alkalosis
32
Q

Cholesterol levels during pregnancy

A

Increased triglycerides and LDL

Clinical Chemistry (21 decks)

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