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Clinical Chemistry > Amino Acids and Proteins > Flashcards

Amino Acids and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are amino acids? What is the overall net charge?

A
  • basic structures of at least one of both amino + carboxyl acid groups
  • Chains = polypeptides = proteins
  • Overall charge is NEUTRAL (Zwitterions)
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2
Q

True or false: Essential amino acids must be consumed

A

true

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3
Q

What are conditional amino acids?

A

may have one other type (infants have issues with this type)

  • Need one other type (of amino acid?) before you can make a certain amino acid
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4
Q

True or false: R groups differ via their side chains and can be covalently linked

A

true

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5
Q

what is the avg number of amino acids in plasma determined by nucleotide basis?

A

100 -150 amino acids

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6
Q

What are the levels of organization in amino acids?

A

Primary: sequence of chains
Secondary: pleated sheets/ALPHA HELIX (Adds new prop/strength/flexibility)
Tertiary: Folds (gives shape)
Quaternary: 3D, more than one chain, attaching through side chains (hydrophobic and disulfide bonds)

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7
Q

Physical and chemical properties are related to which level of organization in amino acids?

A

3 - folds (gives shape)

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8
Q

Does every amino acid have 4 levels of organization?

A

No

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9
Q

What is Denaturation?

A

causes the denaturing of amino acids via, heat, urea, light, disturbances…etc

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10
Q

Protein digestion, approx. what % of amino acids and proteins need to be eaten?

A

Half

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11
Q

True or false: the stomach uses pepside to break down pepsin into proteins

A

False: it uses pepsin to breakdown proteins into peptides

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12
Q

True or false: the small intestine uses peptides which are broken into amino acids then are sent off into the blood stream

A

true

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13
Q

Define Amino Acid Apathies

A

inherited enzyme defect that inhibits metabolism of amino acids and causes severe medical conditions

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14
Q

True or false: Blood samples should be drawn 6 - to - 8 hour fast, and collected in EDTA tubes

A

FASLE, the hours is correct but they are drawn into heparin tubes and the plasma is removed approx 2 hr

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15
Q

When does deprotenization occur after blood samples are drawn in a heparin tube? At what temperature do they freeze?

A

Time: 30 min
Freezes at 20 - 40 degrees celsius

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16
Q

What are some properties of proteins?

A

200 - 300 amino acids
Molecular size- 6,000 - 1,000 Da
Insulin is 600 Da

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17
Q

T/F: the more negative a protein is, the more easily it is dissolved

A

False, the more positive the more easily dissolved

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18
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

No net charge, acidic or basic

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19
Q

What is aDsorption?

A

ability of water to cling to surface, osmotic equalibrium (albumin)

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20
Q

proteins catalyze all living reactions, what are some examples?

A

Transport of metals
hormone receptors
immune responses

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21
Q

What sets proteins apart in terms of properties?

A

They include COHNS
Carbon, oxygen, Hydrogen, NITROGEN..etc Nitrogen is the big one

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22
Q

What are simple protein groups?

A

polypetides of only amino acids

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23
Q

Describe Globular protein groups

A

symetrical, soluble in saline, albumin/globulins/histones/protamines

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24
Q

Describe fibrous protein groups

A

Asymetrical, water insoluble, not found in blood collagens/elastin/keratins

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25
Q

T/F cellular proteins are receptors for hormones like TSH

A

true

26
Q

describe structural proteins

A

collagen, skin, bones…etc

27
Q

T/F mucoproteins are carbs and make up to 40% or more of total weight

A

true

28
Q

T/F glycoproteins are carbs and make up to 20-40% of total weight

A

false, they make up to 10-40%

29
Q

In plasma proteins, what % does albumin and globulins make up?

A

Alb: 54%
Glo: 46%

30
Q

What is the equation for total protein?

A

total protein - albumin = [ ] globulin

31
Q

What are the Total protein ref ranges?
Albumin ref ranges?

A

TP: 6.5 - 8.3 g/dL
Alb: 3.5 - 5.5 g/dL

32
Q

What factors affect [ ] of plasma proteins?

A

nutritional status
physiological changes
synthesis rate
extracellular distrib

33
Q

What is the AG ratio

A

Albumin to globulin
1.1 - 1.8

34
Q

How is hypoprotenimia caused?

A

dehydration; increased proteins chronic inflammatory diseases

35
Q

What is prealbumin?

A

Not a precursor to albumin, it is just before albumin on the electrophoresis scale

36
Q

Prealbumin ref range:

A

10 - 20 mg/dL
ref range CSF 0 - 3.1 mg/dL

37
Q

T/F Transport protein T3 and T4 have retinol binding proteins (specifc. Vit A) and affects the eyes and tissue growth

A

true, this was the copper eyes we saw

38
Q

What are some stimulators of transport proteins?

A

glucocorticoid hormones, androgens, NSAID

39
Q

What are transport proteins increased in? Decreased in?

A

Increased in alcholoism, steroids and renal failure
Decreased in poor nutrition

40
Q

Albumin reference ranges

A

3.5 -5.5 g/dL
54% total protein
40% in blood
60% extravascular

41
Q

What is the function of albumin

A

maintain colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a transport protein

42
Q

When is albumin decreased?

A

in liver disorders, GI, muscle wasting, severe burns, starvation/malnutrition

43
Q

What is Kwashiorkor

A

famen + drought, decreased albumin, insuficient protein
enlarged liver
large stomach
lots of filler foods like rice
shown in childrens faces

44
Q

Describe Marasmus

A

severe malnutrition, decreased proteins and calories, chronic infection affects muscles/tissues and complete starvation

45
Q

T/F albumin levels are relatively normal in pts with Marasmus

A

true

46
Q

How is albumin measured?

A

calorimetrically w/ bromocresol green/purple
pH 4.66
Linearity = 0.5 -8.0g/dL

47
Q

Globulins: Describe Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

A

90% synth in liver
protects lungs (elastin) by inhibiting neutrophils
+ APR
increased in inflammation
can be deficient due to inheritance, sythetic version available

48
Q

Describe the Alpha - 2 Macroglobulin

A

large, cant cross kidney or the blood brain barrier, Tetramer, serine protease inhibitor, decreases albumin and prealbumin
Increased: Preg, contreceptives, estrogen
+APR

49
Q

Describe Haptoglobin

A

transport protein binds to free heme
would be normal to anemia if extravascular
+APR

50
Q

Describe ceruloplasmin

A

macrophages/lymphs can make it, copper transport 90% bound, increased in inflamation, cancer..etc
+APR

51
Q

What is wilsons disease

A

primary genetic disorder caused by free copper in the brain and eyes
secondary malnutrition

52
Q

Describe Transferrin

A

transports Iron, increased in iron deficiencies and decreased in iron overload, inflammation..etc
- APR

53
Q

Describe Fibrinogen

A

forms clots when activated by thrombin, decreases w coag and increases w infect/preg
<1.0g/dL bleeding problem
something about saline as well i didnt catch

54
Q

CRP and HSCRP (high specificity CRP)

A

+APR
goes up w infections
anything above 1mg/dL is ABNORMAL
Stimulating tissue factor initiates coag/compliment

55
Q

What does myoglobulin do?

A

stores oxygen intracellularly
major muscle protein
carries oxygen to tissues
also an Anephlatoxin

56
Q

What are some other proteins of clinical significance?

A

B-2 macroglobulin - surf. of most cells
Troponin - cardiac tissues
Fetal fibronectin (amnionic sac - incuces labor)
BNP - heart failure

57
Q

What is hypoprotenimia

A

protein <interval excess loss, decreased intake

58
Q

What is hyperproteinemia

A

proteins > interval
dehydration, excess production gamma globulins

59
Q

What is bowmans capsul?

A

only certain sizes allowed into the glomerulous in kidney

60
Q

What is CSF protein

A

choroid plexus cells + brain ventricles reabsorbed into arachnoid
95% plasma protein
5% in brain

61
Q

CSF ALB/plasma ALB x 100 = must equal no more than what?

A

no more than 65% or it is brain bleeding

Clinical Chemistry (21 decks)

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