Amino Acids and Proteins Flashcards
What are amino acids? What is the overall net charge?
- basic structures of at least one of both amino + carboxyl acid groups
- Chains = polypeptides = proteins
- Overall charge is NEUTRAL (Zwitterions)
True or false: Essential amino acids must be consumed
true
What are conditional amino acids?
may have one other type (infants have issues with this type)
- Need one other type (of amino acid?) before you can make a certain amino acid
True or false: R groups differ via their side chains and can be covalently linked
true
what is the avg number of amino acids in plasma determined by nucleotide basis?
100 -150 amino acids
What are the levels of organization in amino acids?
Primary: sequence of chains
Secondary: pleated sheets/ALPHA HELIX (Adds new prop/strength/flexibility)
Tertiary: Folds (gives shape)
Quaternary: 3D, more than one chain, attaching through side chains (hydrophobic and disulfide bonds)
Physical and chemical properties are related to which level of organization in amino acids?
3 - folds (gives shape)
Does every amino acid have 4 levels of organization?
No
What is Denaturation?
causes the denaturing of amino acids via, heat, urea, light, disturbances…etc
Protein digestion, approx. what % of amino acids and proteins need to be eaten?
Half
True or false: the stomach uses pepside to break down pepsin into proteins
False: it uses pepsin to breakdown proteins into peptides
True or false: the small intestine uses peptides which are broken into amino acids then are sent off into the blood stream
true
Define Amino Acid Apathies
inherited enzyme defect that inhibits metabolism of amino acids and causes severe medical conditions
True or false: Blood samples should be drawn 6 - to - 8 hour fast, and collected in EDTA tubes
FASLE, the hours is correct but they are drawn into heparin tubes and the plasma is removed approx 2 hr
When does deprotenization occur after blood samples are drawn in a heparin tube? At what temperature do they freeze?
Time: 30 min
Freezes at 20 - 40 degrees celsius
What are some properties of proteins?
200 - 300 amino acids
Molecular size- 6,000 - 1,000 Da
Insulin is 600 Da
T/F: the more negative a protein is, the more easily it is dissolved
False, the more positive the more easily dissolved
What is the isoelectric point?
No net charge, acidic or basic
What is aDsorption?
ability of water to cling to surface, osmotic equalibrium (albumin)
proteins catalyze all living reactions, what are some examples?
Transport of metals
hormone receptors
immune responses
What sets proteins apart in terms of properties?
They include COHNS
Carbon, oxygen, Hydrogen, NITROGEN..etc Nitrogen is the big one
What are simple protein groups?
polypetides of only amino acids
Describe Globular protein groups
symetrical, soluble in saline, albumin/globulins/histones/protamines
Describe fibrous protein groups
Asymetrical, water insoluble, not found in blood collagens/elastin/keratins
T/F cellular proteins are receptors for hormones like TSH
true
describe structural proteins
collagen, skin, bones…etc
T/F mucoproteins are carbs and make up to 40% or more of total weight
true
T/F glycoproteins are carbs and make up to 20-40% of total weight
false, they make up to 10-40%
In plasma proteins, what % does albumin and globulins make up?
Alb: 54%
Glo: 46%
What is the equation for total protein?
total protein - albumin = [ ] globulin
What are the Total protein ref ranges?
Albumin ref ranges?
TP: 6.5 - 8.3 g/dL
Alb: 3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
What factors affect [ ] of plasma proteins?
nutritional status
physiological changes
synthesis rate
extracellular distrib
What is the AG ratio
Albumin to globulin
1.1 - 1.8
How is hypoprotenimia caused?
dehydration; increased proteins chronic inflammatory diseases
What is prealbumin?
Not a precursor to albumin, it is just before albumin on the electrophoresis scale
Prealbumin ref range:
10 - 20 mg/dL
ref range CSF 0 - 3.1 mg/dL
T/F Transport protein T3 and T4 have retinol binding proteins (specifc. Vit A) and affects the eyes and tissue growth
true, this was the copper eyes we saw
What are some stimulators of transport proteins?
glucocorticoid hormones, androgens, NSAID
What are transport proteins increased in? Decreased in?
Increased in alcholoism, steroids and renal failure
Decreased in poor nutrition
Albumin reference ranges
3.5 -5.5 g/dL
54% total protein
40% in blood
60% extravascular
What is the function of albumin
maintain colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a transport protein
When is albumin decreased?
in liver disorders, GI, muscle wasting, severe burns, starvation/malnutrition
What is Kwashiorkor
famen + drought, decreased albumin, insuficient protein
enlarged liver
large stomach
lots of filler foods like rice
shown in childrens faces
Describe Marasmus
severe malnutrition, decreased proteins and calories, chronic infection affects muscles/tissues and complete starvation
T/F albumin levels are relatively normal in pts with Marasmus
true
How is albumin measured?
calorimetrically w/ bromocresol green/purple
pH 4.66
Linearity = 0.5 -8.0g/dL
Globulins: Describe Alpha 1 Antitrypsin
90% synth in liver
protects lungs (elastin) by inhibiting neutrophils
+ APR
increased in inflammation
can be deficient due to inheritance, sythetic version available
Describe the Alpha - 2 Macroglobulin
large, cant cross kidney or the blood brain barrier, Tetramer, serine protease inhibitor, decreases albumin and prealbumin
Increased: Preg, contreceptives, estrogen
+APR
Describe Haptoglobin
transport protein binds to free heme
would be normal to anemia if extravascular
+APR
Describe ceruloplasmin
macrophages/lymphs can make it, copper transport 90% bound, increased in inflamation, cancer..etc
+APR
What is wilsons disease
primary genetic disorder caused by free copper in the brain and eyes
secondary malnutrition
Describe Transferrin
transports Iron, increased in iron deficiencies and decreased in iron overload, inflammation..etc
- APR
Describe Fibrinogen
forms clots when activated by thrombin, decreases w coag and increases w infect/preg
<1.0g/dL bleeding problem
something about saline as well i didnt catch
CRP and HSCRP (high specificity CRP)
+APR
goes up w infections
anything above 1mg/dL is ABNORMAL
Stimulating tissue factor initiates coag/compliment
What does myoglobulin do?
stores oxygen intracellularly
major muscle protein
carries oxygen to tissues
also an Anephlatoxin
What are some other proteins of clinical significance?
B-2 macroglobulin - surf. of most cells
Troponin - cardiac tissues
Fetal fibronectin (amnionic sac - incuces labor)
BNP - heart failure
What is hypoprotenimia
protein <interval excess loss, decreased intake
What is hyperproteinemia
proteins > interval
dehydration, excess production gamma globulins
What is bowmans capsul?
only certain sizes allowed into the glomerulous in kidney
What is CSF protein
choroid plexus cells + brain ventricles reabsorbed into arachnoid
95% plasma protein
5% in brain
CSF ALB/plasma ALB x 100 = must equal no more than what?
no more than 65% or it is brain bleeding
