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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is clinical chemistry?

A

Soluble mediators of a system; includes taking blood, centrifuge and using serum/plasma (formed elements)

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2
Q

How long does it take serum tube to clot?

A

roughly 30 minutes +/- this also effects trauma times

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3
Q

True or false: DT2 is one of the biggest finanical burdens in the U.S?

A

True, it is also common w kidney disease

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4
Q

What are a few things included in a Basic Metabolic Pannel? (BMP)

A

“Basic” “Mini”
Glucose
Albumin
Total Protein
Na, K, Chloride
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Creatine
CO2

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5
Q

What are the most common panels ordered in Chemistry?

A

BMP and CMP

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6
Q

What are a few things included in CMP?

A

Complete metabolic pannels include BMP plus liver function. ALT, AST, ALP and Bilirubin

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7
Q

True or false: Glucose and triglycerides are not affected by fasting?

A

False, they are affected by fasting

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8
Q

What are some things included in the lipid profiles (other common chemistry test)?

A

includes lipids like tryglycerides, cholesterols, HDL, and LDL (calculated or direct)

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9
Q

What are included in Pancreatic Fx? (other common chemistry test)

A

Amylase
Lipase

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10
Q

What is the Matrix?

A

Plasma or Serum in chemistry, Serum is the preferred specimen and is easy to obtain/repeat. Used on almost all assays

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11
Q

True or false: Urine is not testing in parallel with kidney function and serum levels

A

False, urine and the kidney are tested in parallels in chemistry

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12
Q

Reagent + Compound = _____?

A

Color changes, direct or indirect

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13
Q

True or false: color change rx can help determine wavelengths

A

True

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14
Q

What kind of system is the best for quantitating color change?

A

Closed system utilizing focused light spectra

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15
Q

True or false: In spectrophotometry, the photometric system uses light intensity with wavelength

A

false, photometric uses light intensity w/ OUT wavelength

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16
Q

What is Beers law? (In words)

A

Concentration of substance is directly proportional to amount of light absorbed or inverse to log of transmitted light

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17
Q

What do spectrophotometry instruments do?

A

measures light by solution to determine concentration of light absorbed substance in a solution

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18
Q

What are the components of a spectrophotometer?

A

light, monochromator, sample, and photo detector

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19
Q

true or false: frequency is proportional to wavelength

A

FALSE. Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength

20
Q

What is wavelength?

A

distance of one complete cycle and measured in nanometers

21
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation?

A

protons of energy in waves

22
Q

What is the values on the visible spectrum?

A

400-700 nm which is violet to red, red having the longest wave length

23
Q

True or false: light sources are intense, constant, and reproducable

A

true

24
Q

What are the most common light source in chemistry and which parts of EM spectrum do they cover?

A
  • Tungsten (visible + IR)
  • Deuterium (ultraviolet region)
25
Q

True or false: you dont need to change the calibrations every time you change a light sourse

A

false, you need to update the calibrations when the light source is changed

26
Q

What is the equation for percent transmittance?

A

%T = sample beam signal/blank beam signal x 100
= T/I x 100

27
Q

What does the T/I x 100 variables mean in the equation for precent transmittance (%T)?

A

T - radiant energy transmitted
I - incident radiant energy on the sample

28
Q

What kind of transmittence does water have? Milk? Heavy cream?

A

Water - 100% transmittence
Milk - some
Heavy cream - no light can pass through

29
Q

If 70% of light is transmitted, how much is absorbed?

A

30% is absorbed

30
Q

What is the beers law equation in chemistry and what do the variables mean?

A

A = E x B x C
B = length of light path through solution
C = conc. of light path through molecules
E = molar absorptivity/extinction coefficient

31
Q

Photodetectors: What is the photodetector that is basic and uses incident light? Explain a few more things included with this source.

A

Photocells:
Typically used in the dark, uses a cathode of salinium, generates electrons/lines of silver
OK for low concentrations

32
Q

true or false: Photocells are sensitive

A

False, they are not very sensitive

33
Q

True or false: phototubes have an external source of power and are better w/ small amounts of light/ they also use a vacuum to avoid scatter

A

true

34
Q

What does a photomultiplier use?

A

dynode chains, each anode has a higher voltage than the last
extreme sensitivity to low light and/duration
Amps are proportional to light intensity

35
Q

True or false: photomultiplier is 300X more sensitive than phototube

A

False: 200X more sensitive

36
Q

What are diodes?

A

anodes with succ. higher voltages

37
Q

True or false: This is the pathway of photodetectors in order from top to bottom:
Light
Amps
Electrons
volts
absorbance

A

False:
Light
electrons
amps
volts
absorbance

38
Q

What does a dift filter do?

A

gets rid of interfering substances

39
Q

What are common checkers of wavelength accuracy?

A

Didymium and holmium oxide, sometimes mercury can verify

40
Q

What is the stray light effect? Common causes?

A

any light outside the band of transmittance
Causes: scratches on optical surface, dust/oil from fingers …etc

41
Q

What is linearity?

A

Change in concentration results in a straight line, must happen every 6 mos

42
Q

What is the difference between reference range and linear range?

A

RR: normal for population
LR: how high or how low you can test

43
Q

Describe Atomic Absorbtion

A

used to detect absorbance of electrons by atoms rather than molecules

44
Q

Fluometry uses what and what are the advantages/disadvantages?

A

Uses fluorescense
Two advantages: Specificity/sensitivity
Disadvant: VERY sensitive to environment changes (pH, Temp..etc)

45
Q

Describe Chemiluminecense and its positives and negatives

A

chemilum.. is the emission of light by molecules through chemical reactions
(no excitation or monochromes)
+ subpico detection
- impurities that degrade sensitivityspecificity

46
Q

Describe Turbidemetry

A

made w/ spectrophotometer to determine concentration of matter in a substance that can pass though 180 degrees from incident light (SAMPLE HANDLING CRITICAL)

47
Q

Describe Nephelometry

A

90 degree angle from incidence light minimizes errors from solution and increases sensitivity

Clinical Chemistry (21 decks)

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