Pregnancy

Question 1

3 comon congential defects

Answer 1

cleft lip
cleft palate
congenital heart disease

Question 2

what factors contribute to congenital effects

Answer 2

genetic defect
drugs
smoking
environmental pollution
heavy metals

Question 3

name of program given to patient if getting pregnant should be avoided

Answer 3

pregnancy prevention programme

Question 4

what is sodium valporate

Answer 4

medicine used to treat epilipsy, bipolar disease or more rarely migrane

Question 5

why might drug be used in pregnancy

Answer 5

treat symptoms associated with pregnancy
treat more serious complications
ongoing treatment
vacccination

Question 6

What sort of vaccine can be used

Answer 6

non active

Question 7

give example of non active vacine

Answer 7

influenze
pertusis
covid 19 booster

Question 8

give examples of active vaccine

Answer 8

MMR
BCG
Chickenpox
Oral typhoid
yellow fever

Question 9

how does pregnancy effect absorption

Answer 9

^ progesterone decrease gastric , small intestine motility decreasing gut absorption

nausea + vomiting decreasing oral absorption

^ tissue perfusion increasing sc + im injection

^ cardiac output, tidal volume increasing

Question 10

how does pregnancy affect distirbution

Answer 10

plasma volume increase
volume of distribution increase
decreases distribution

Question 11

how does pregnancy affect metabolism

Answer 11

oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin and placental growth hormone elevated

Question 12

how does pregnacny affect excretion

Answer 12

it doesnt

Question 13

what is a teratogen

Answer 13

a drug which can result in structural or functional abnormalities in a child of a patient

Question 14

what is the most famous teratogen

Answer 14

thalidomide

Question 15

what 4 facotrs influence drug teratogenecity

Answer 15

dose
timing
species
genotype

Question 16

describe breast structure

Answer 16

15 - 20 lobes arranged like petals
each lobe has lobules (also reffered to as alveoli)
lobules produce milk

Question 17

define lactogenesis

Answer 17

synthesis and secretion of milk from breast alveoli

Question 18

Describe how lactogenesis occurs

Answer 18

alveoli mature balls of granular cells become hollowed out to surround a central lumen

milk is secreted by the epithelial cells of alevoli

myoepithelial cells are contractile moving milk into milk duct prior to ejection

Question 19

main issues for breast feeding mothers

Answer 19

many drugs not indicated for use in breastfeeding

Question 20

how do drugs pass through breast milk

Answer 20

all drugs enter breast milk by passive diffusion of unionized unbound drug usually within 72 hours