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Lifecycle Nutrition > Preconception And Pregnancy > Flashcards

Preconception And Pregnancy Flashcards

0
Q

How long to build back nutrition stores after pregnancy

A

1.5 yrs

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1
Q

Number of babies born in US that are WIC babies

A

54%

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2
Q

Why does preconception nutrition matter?

A
  • damage to body takes time to correct
  • folic acid, NTD - damage occurs in first few weeks often before the woman knows she is pregnant
  • body relies on nutrient stores and you can never eat enough during pregnancy to get needed nutrients - don’t absorb if you eat it all at once
  • poor nutrition may prevent pregnancy
  • mom’s body will ensure her survival, not baby’s
  • body will terminate pregnancy if not enough nutrients
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3
Q

Number of follicles that mature each month

A

6-14

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4
Q

Hormones that the follicles produce to tell the endometrium to thicken

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

Why the endometrium thickens

A

Store glycogen to get ready for egg to implant

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6
Q

What happens in first 14 days of menstrual cycle

A

Follicles continue to mature, grow normally, then one follicle moves to edge of ovary and spits out an ovum

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7
Q

What happens to the one follicle after ovulation

A

Becomes corpus luteum, keeps producing estrogen and progesterone to thicken endometrium

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8
Q

How long for egg to implant once fertilized

A

8-10 days

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9
Q

Hormone that tells corpus luteum to keep making estrogen and progesterone - if not sent then corpus luteum dies

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

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10
Q

What happens to endometrium if no fertilization and thus no hCG

A

Menses

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11
Q

First 14 days of menstrual cycle called

A

Follicular phase

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12
Q

Last 14 days of menstrual cycle called

A

Luteal phase

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13
Q

Why corpus luteum is yellow

A

Contains cholesterol

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14
Q

What corpus luteum is called after it dies

A

Corpus albicans (white body)

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15
Q

After fertilization, when does the corpus luteum involute (go away)

A

When the placenta gets big enough to take over controlling the hormones estrogen and progesterone (after about 2 months)

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16
Q

What controls the menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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17
Q

What hormone starts menstrual cycle, where produced, and what does it do

A

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone - made by hypothalamus - goes to the pituitary and tells it to release FSH and LH

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18
Q

What is FSH and what does it do

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - released from the pituitary, goe to the ovaries and tells them to mature follicles and tells the follicles to make estrogen

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19
Q

What is LH and what does it do

A

Luteinizing hormone - produced by pituitary, tells maturing follicle to make progesterone

At 14 days there is an LH surge that tells follicle to spit out egg

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20
Q

Role of GnRH, FSH and LH in men

A

Go to testes and tells sperm to make testosterone and other androgens

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21
Q

How long for sperm to mature

A

70-80 days

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22
Q

Where does sperm mature

A

Testes

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23
Q

Where does sperm go after mature

A

Epididymis

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24
Q

Semen consists of

A

Sperm, fluid from prostate and seminal vesicle

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25
Q

Another name for accessory gland

A

Bulburethra gland

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26
Q

Energy that sperm use to move comes from

A

Fructose

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27
Q

How long can sperm and ovum live

A

Sperm 6-7 days

Egg 1 day unless fertilized

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28
Q

When is a woman fertile

A

5 days before ovulatin to 1 day after ovulation - because of life span of sperm/egg

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29
Q

Fertility (scientific def)

A

Number of children you produce, regardless of if you are capable

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30
Q

Fecundity

A

Capability of producing children

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31
Q

Infecund

A

If you have not had children for one year and have been having unprotected sex

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32
Q

Subfertility

A

If it takes18 months to have a child with unprotected sex

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33
Q

Miscarriage aka spontaneous abortion

A

Body ends pregnancy from conception up to 20 weeks (40 week scale)

34
Q

Stillbirth

A

Body ends pregnancy after 20 weeks

35
Q

Menarche

A

Date of first period

In 1800s - 14.2 yrs
Now - 12 yrs

36
Q

Spermarche

A

Male becomes capable of impregnating female

37
Q

Percent decrease in body weight when fertility drops

A

10-15% - ovulation stops even if having cycles

Unless obese women - lose 10-15% and more likely to get pregnant

38
Q

Hypothalamic amenorrhea

A

Any time a women is not having menses due to poor nutrition - used to be called starvation amenorrhea - hypothalamus stops producing GnRH

39
Q

BMI below which women have problems with reproduction

A

20

40
Q

Effect of weight loss on male reproduction

A

10-15% - decreased sperm motility

25% - stopped producing sperm

41
Q

When men and women with BMI > 30 have trouble reproducing

A

Women - fat cells produce hormones - will have too much estrogen - irregular cycles

Men - sperm temp too high

42
Q

Nutrients that may affect reproduction

A
  • Antioxidants - vit E, vit C, beta carotene, selenium: fight free radicals that harm egg/sperm (maybe)
  • zinc - semen are high in zinc and men infertile without
  • whole grains w/o yeast - can’t utilize zinc
  • vegan diet - hard to get pregnant
  • soy - phytochemicals (isoflavinoids) change menstrual cycle b/c mimic estrogen
  • folate - NTD and low folate damages sperm
  • iron - hard to get pregnant with low iron
  • caffeine - don’t know
  • alcohol - decreases fertility
43
Q

% of women that are iron deficient

% low iron

A

9-16% deficient

Another 14% low

44
Q

1-5 drinks per week decrease fertility this %

10 drinks decrease fertility what %

A

39%

60%

45
Q

Test that will tell if you need an iron supplement

A

Serum ferritin - directly relates to amount of iron in body

46
Q

Heavy metal exposure that can effect fertility in men and women/change genes

A 
Lead
Cadmium
Molybdenum
Manganese
Boron
Cobalt
Copper
Nickel
Silver
Tin
47
Q

Diseases/conditions that affect fertility

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome - 5-10% women in US

Celiac disease - 1:133 people, 3x more common in women - subfertility

Diabetes - out of control diabetes causes infertility

48
Q

Treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome

A

1) Lose weight - 10-15% may start ovulation
2) exercise regularly - helps with weight and insulin resistance
3) drugs - metformin for insulin resistance
4) lean protein, whole grain, fruits/veg, regular meals, fiber, adequate D

49
Q

Celiac disease aka

A

Nontropical sprue, GSE (gluten sensitive entropathy)

50
Q

Un intended pregnancy definition

A

Did not want to get pregnant at all or did not want to get pregnant now. If you don’t care, it is intended

51
Q

Percent of pregnancies that were unintended

A

49%

2006 gov data

52
Q

Stats on babies born to single women

A

1960 - 5%

2006 - 40.7%

Iceland - 67%

Unmarried women with babies have the greatest poverty

53
Q

Trends for unintended pregnancy

A

Biggest increase in 19-24 yr olds

Teen pregnancy dropping

Greater incidence for the poor and those cohabitating

54
Q

Total fertility rate def

A

Number of babies born to all women in society

Replacement rate is every woman must have 2.1

Right now US total fertility rate is 1.86

55
Q

Crude fertility rate

A

Number of children born per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44

In US 62.9/1000

56
Q

Premenstrual syndrome affects % of women

A

15-25% of women

57
Q

Premenstrual syndrome def

A

Must occur within last 5 days of cycle and disappear within 2 days of menses

Must have 1 symptom for 3 consec cycles

Must affect your life

58
Q

PMS symptoms

A

Physical - cramps, bloating, fatigue, tender breasts, headache, body ache, nausea

Psychological - irritability, anger, tension, depression, mood swings, anxiety, social withdrawal

59
Q

Postmenstrual dysphoric disorder def

A

5 or more symptoms

3 consecutive cycles

Significant effects on life - ie, destroying work or family

60
Q

Treatment for PMS

A

Estrogen patches

Birth control pills

Seratonin re uptake inhibitors

Ca supplements - 1200 mg

B6 - pyridoxine supplements - 100 mg UL

Chasteberry

61
Q

NIH recommendations for PMS

A 
30 min excercise
8 hrs sleep
Relax/avoid stress
Diet high in complex carbs
Reduce salt/fat/sugar
Avoid caffeine/alcohol
Don't smoke
6 small meals
Mg suppl
Vit E suppl
62
Q

Prater-willy syndrome

A

Don’t get the signal that you are full and cannot stop eating - will eat nonfood

Short stature
Tiny arms/legs
Excellent spatial memory
Low IQ
Pick at skin
High pain tolerance
Infertile
63
Q

Best indicator of health of baby

A

Weight gain during pregnancy

64
Q

Weight before pregnancy called

A

Pregravid weight

65
Q

Weight gain recommendations for pregnancy

A

Normal BMI - 25-35 lbs

Underweight - 28-40 lbs

Overweight BMI - 15-25 lbs

Obese - 11-20 lbs

Twins - 25-54 lbs

66
Q

Another term for due date

A

Expected date of confinement - EDC

67
Q

Gracie, gravida

A

Number of pregnancies regardless of outcome

68
Q

Parity

A

How many births - nulliparis, primiparis, multiparis

69
Q

Perinatal def

A

Around birth

From 20 weeks of gestation to 7 days after birth

70
Q

Neonatal

A

28 days after birth

71
Q

Infant

A

Birth to 1st b-day

72
Q

LBW

A

Less than 2500 g (5.5 lbs)

73
Q

VLBW

A

Less than 1500 g (3 lbs, 4 oz)

74
Q

Premature, preterm

A

Less than 37 weeks (based on 40)

75
Q

SGA

A

Less than 10th percentile

76
Q

AGA

A

Between 10 and 90th percentile

77
Q

LGA

A

Over 90th percentile

> 10 lbs, 4800 g

78
Q

dSGA, pSGA

A

Disproportionate, proportionate

79
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Death during the first year for infants out of 1000 live births

US rate 6.17

80
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

Number of deaths of women related to pregnancy or birth per 100,000 live births

US = 21

81
Q

What hormone interferes with insulin and allows glucose to cross placenta to baby

A

hCS - human chorionic somatotropin

82
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

83
Q

Hyper trophy

A

Cells getting larger

Lifecycle Nutrition (4 decks)

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