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HUNT243 > Preconception > Flashcards

Preconception Flashcards

1
Q

when is the critical window?

A

first 100 days of life

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2
Q

what is the critical window

A

brain development, healthy growth and a strong immune system

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3
Q

what does maternal nutrition at the time of conception influence

A

placental development and function

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4
Q

what is pre-conception

A

before (at least 2 years) and between consecutive pregnancies

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5
Q

what does proximal mean

A

period immediately preceding pregnancy (up to 2 years)

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6
Q

what does distal mean

A

adolescence or a longer time before pregnancy

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7
Q

fetal genomic imprinting and programming are directly tied to …

A

child’s long term health
maternal periconception nutrition

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8
Q

What is periconception

A

before, during and after conception
3 months before conception to up to the first trimester

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9
Q

5 stages of periconceptional reproductive development

A

gametogenesis
fertilisation
implantation
embryogenesis
placentation

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10
Q

how long may the periconceptional phase be considered in biological terms

A

5-6 months

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11
Q

how long after conception are all the major organs in place?

A

4 weeks

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12
Q

why is the female reproductive system more sensitive than a male

A

it is highest energy expenditure a woman will ever experience

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13
Q

why do many animals breed in spring

A

to time conception that give offspring the greatest chance of survival when food and climatic conditions are favourable

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14
Q

what are the short-term changes the reproductive functions are responsive to

A

Availability of calories
-likely to be signaled by leptin, insulin/glucose

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15
Q

where is leptin secreted from

A

adipose tissue

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16
Q

what are the long-term changes the reproductive functions are responsive to

A

inadequate BF- hypothalamic amenorrhea

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17
Q

what % BF reductions causes menstruation to holt

A

10-15% decrease in normal BW

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18
Q

what are the hormones related to hypothalamic amenorrhea

A

leptin, luteinising hormone and estradiol

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19
Q

what is the critical level of BF required to trigger and sustain normal reproductive functions

A

BMI >20

20
Q

delays in the onset of menstruation and reduced fertility later in life are related to what

A

low BF in adolscense

21
Q

what happened during the dutch famine

A

acute starvation
-400-800kcal/day for 6 months

22
Q

Children of pregnant women exposed to the famine were more susceptible to ???

A

diabetes
obesity
CVD
microalbuminuria

23
Q

What is the one-carbon metabolic pathway about

A

donating a carbon methyl group to DNA

24
Q

high nutrient intakes can shift the OCM pathway

A

away from DNA synthesis and to methylation

25
Q

what did the study of the agouti mice show

A

that high levels of methyl donor supplementation decreased the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cancer

26
Q

what is the barker hypothesis

A

fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation may cause disproportionate fetal growth and increased risk of CVD

27
Q

what is the thrifty phenotype hypothesis (related to what happens to a fetus during starvation)

A

the fetus reduces insulin secretion and increases peripheral insulin resistance to direct more glucose to the heart and brain

28
Q

what permanent change can a starved fetus undergo

A

glucose-insulin metabolism change

29
Q

what is the thrifty gene hypothesis

A

If obesity is no longer a survival advantage, reduced fertility in obese people may be natures intent

30
Q

what is the thrifty gene hypothesis?

A

If obesity is no longer a survival advantage, reduced fertility in obese people may be nature’s intent

31
Q

what hormones do obese women tend to be higher in

A

estrogen, leptin and androgens

32
Q

How does obesity affect hormones in men

A

higher estrogen and leptin
lower testosterone

33
Q

what physical affects does obesity have on men

A

reduced sperm production
erectile dysfunciton

34
Q

What physical affects does obesity have on women

A

menstrual cycle irregularity, ovulatory failure and amenorrhea

35
Q

important nutrients during pregnancy

A

choline
folate
zinc
iron
Omega 3
B12
iodine
multivitamins

36
Q

what is choline used for

A

brain development

37
Q

what is iodine used for

A

neurocognition

38
Q

what is zinc linked to

A

pre-term birth
placental function

39
Q

what is B12 and omega 3 linked to

A

altered lipids metabolism

40
Q

three types of neural tube defects

A

spina bifida
anencephaly
encepholocele

41
Q

when does the neural tube develop

A

during the first 23 days

42
Q

what is the NZ advice regarding folic acid supplementation

A

4 weeks before
12 weeks after
800mcg daily

43
Q

what % of NZ woemn comply with folic acid reccomendations

A

33%

44
Q

ways to increase success of campaigns

A

identify group not yet reached
make ads relevant
include benefits of folic acid early in lives of reproductive age women

45
Q

What are the potential benefits of folic acid fortification

A

17 NTD reduction per year

HUNT243 (5 decks)

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