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HUNT243 > Physiological Changes > Flashcards

Physiological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

How much weight is usually gained during pregnancy

A

12-15kgs

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2
Q

what are the sources of this weight gain

A

fat deposition, growth of reproductive organs and fetal tissue

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3
Q

what hormones continually rise throughout pregnancy

A

estrogen
progesterone

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the rise in estrogen and progesterone

A

to suppress hypothalamic axis therefore the menstrual cycle

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5
Q

How much does the pituitary gland increase in size

A

50%

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6
Q

What do high levels of estrogen circulating do

A

promote the production of prolactin

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7
Q

what does the production of prolactin cause

A

the mammary glands to develop from ductal to lobular-alveolar

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8
Q

what hormone enhances calcium absorption in the gut and reabsorption of the kidneys

A

parathryroid hormone

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9
Q

What organ is the main supplier of estrogen and progesterone

A

ovaries

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10
Q

what organ produces human placental lactogen

A

placenta

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11
Q

purpose of human placental lactogen

A

decrease maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose utilization

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12
Q

why is having decreased maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose utilization useful

A

increase the mother’s blood glucose level to ensure adequate fetal nutrition

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13
Q

What happens to maternal metabolism

A

begins to use liver metabolism and decrease glucose utilisation

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14
Q

what happens to renal plasma flow, aldosterone and erythropoietin

A

flow and production increases

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15
Q

what happens to the tubular maximum for glucose

A

reduced

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16
Q

what can result due to the reduced tubular maximum for glucose

A

increased blood glucose
-precipitate gestational diabetes

17
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increases reabsorption of Na ions
increases the secretion of K from convoluted tubules in nephron
(results in increased blood volume)

18
Q

what does EPO do

A

glycoprotein hormone that controls RBC (red blood cell) production

19
Q

what happens to cardiac output during pregnancy

A

increases by 30-50%

20
Q

when does cardiac output peak and why

A

16-28 weeks due to demands of uteroplacental development.

21
Q

what happens to heart rate

A

increases from 70 to up to 90 BPM and stroke volume increases

22
Q

when does bp usually drop

A

2nd trimester

23
Q

why does lung function change

A

-progesterone
-enlarging uterus interfering with lung expansion

24
Q

how does progesterone affect lung function

A

signals brain to lower CO2
-increases the tidal and minute volume + respiratory rate

25
Q

how much does O2 consumption increase and why

A

20%
to meet increased metabolic needs of the placenta, fetus, and maternal organs

26
Q

what is dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

27
Q

how much does blood volume increase

A

40-45%

28
Q

How can pregnancy cause constipation

A

the enlarging uterus puts pressure on the rectum and lower portion of the colon

29
Q

GI changes during pregnancy

A

constipation
decrease gastro motility
reflux

30
Q

what causes decreased gastro motility

A

progesterone relaxes smooth muscle

31
Q

how does pregnancy cause reflux

A

relaxation of the lower oesophagal sphincter

32
Q

when does NP or NVP (nausea and vomiting) occur and in how many pregnancies

A

5-18 weeks
50-80% experience some sort of nausea

33
Q

likely contributing factors to NP/NVP

A

human gonadotrophin hormone
physiological, psychological, genetic and culture

34
Q

what is hyperemesis gravidarum

A

extreme NVP that can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and weight loss requiring hosptilisation

35
Q

The goal of NVP treatment

A

reduce symptoms
correct consequences
minimise fetal affects

36
Q

how can diet help NVP

A

-small snacks often(1-2 hrs), avoiding having a full or empty stomach
-frequent small CHO (dry toast, crackers) & protein predominant meals
-cold, clear, carbonated and sour fluids

37
Q

what are two forms of CAM (complimentary alternative medicine) for NVP

A

B6
ginger

HUNT243 (5 decks)

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