Physiological Changes Flashcards
How much weight is usually gained during pregnancy
12-15kgs
what are the sources of this weight gain
fat deposition, growth of reproductive organs and fetal tissue
what hormones continually rise throughout pregnancy
estrogen
progesterone
What is the purpose of the rise in estrogen and progesterone
to suppress hypothalamic axis therefore the menstrual cycle
How much does the pituitary gland increase in size
50%
What do high levels of estrogen circulating do
promote the production of prolactin
what does the production of prolactin cause
the mammary glands to develop from ductal to lobular-alveolar
what hormone enhances calcium absorption in the gut and reabsorption of the kidneys
parathryroid hormone
What organ is the main supplier of estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
what organ produces human placental lactogen
placenta
purpose of human placental lactogen
decrease maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose utilization
why is having decreased maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose utilization useful
increase the mother’s blood glucose level to ensure adequate fetal nutrition
What happens to maternal metabolism
begins to use liver metabolism and decrease glucose utilisation
what happens to renal plasma flow, aldosterone and erythropoietin
flow and production increases
what happens to the tubular maximum for glucose
reduced
what can result due to the reduced tubular maximum for glucose
increased blood glucose
-precipitate gestational diabetes
what does aldosterone do
increases reabsorption of Na ions
increases the secretion of K from convoluted tubules in nephron
(results in increased blood volume)
what does EPO do
glycoprotein hormone that controls RBC (red blood cell) production
what happens to cardiac output during pregnancy
increases by 30-50%
when does cardiac output peak and why
16-28 weeks due to demands of uteroplacental development.
what happens to heart rate
increases from 70 to up to 90 BPM and stroke volume increases
when does bp usually drop
2nd trimester
why does lung function change
-progesterone
-enlarging uterus interfering with lung expansion
how does progesterone affect lung function
signals brain to lower CO2
-increases the tidal and minute volume + respiratory rate
how much does O2 consumption increase and why
20%
to meet increased metabolic needs of the placenta, fetus, and maternal organs
what is dyspnea
shortness of breath
how much does blood volume increase
40-45%
How can pregnancy cause constipation
the enlarging uterus puts pressure on the rectum and lower portion of the colon
GI changes during pregnancy
constipation
decrease gastro motility
reflux
what causes decreased gastro motility
progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
how does pregnancy cause reflux
relaxation of the lower oesophagal sphincter
when does NP or NVP (nausea and vomiting) occur and in how many pregnancies
5-18 weeks
50-80% experience some sort of nausea
likely contributing factors to NP/NVP
human gonadotrophin hormone
physiological, psychological, genetic and culture
what is hyperemesis gravidarum
extreme NVP that can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and weight loss requiring hosptilisation
The goal of NVP treatment
reduce symptoms
correct consequences
minimise fetal affects
how can diet help NVP
-small snacks often(1-2 hrs), avoiding having a full or empty stomach
-frequent small CHO (dry toast, crackers) & protein predominant meals
-cold, clear, carbonated and sour fluids
what are two forms of CAM (complimentary alternative medicine) for NVP
B6
ginger
