Precedent of scientifc psychology - Unit 2

Question 1

early middle age - wilder wundt

Answer 1

islamic philosophers translated, studied and expanded on the ancient wisom of greece and made great strides in medicine, science and mathematics

Question 1

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 1

brough together the philosophical ideas of aristotle and christian beliefs.
- he believed faith and reason are not contradictory but compeltnaty (both are gifts from god that lead to truth)
reasons: helps us understand the world and knowledge
faith: offers us truths that go beyond human especially in areas concerning the divine

Question 2

Occam’s razor:

Answer 2

the principle emphasizes simplicity in explantions and helps avoid unnecessary complexities in exclamations. (two explanation, y choose easier one)

Question 2

William of Occam

Answer 2

William of Occam as in Occam’s Razor” was a 14th century philosopher and theologian.

Question 2

type of truths

Answer 2

1. nature of the trinity
2. incarnation
3. resurrection

Question 3

what happened in the late middle ages?

Answer 3

• separation between theology and philophy
• indipendent reasoning
• modern world transition

Question 4

reinassance (rebirth) 1453-1600

Answer 4

• more open minded method of inquiry
• god centered to human centered switch

Question 5

reinassance humanism

Answer 5

intense interest in human beings (discovering ourself for first time)

Question 5

Newton principles

Answer 5

1. the universe is governed by natural laws
2. mechanists worldview (every event/action have a physical cause understood through observation and calculations)
3. simplicity (explanations must always be as easy as possible)
4. science progresses by refining theories and models

Question 6

Modern Wolrd - Scientific revolution protagonists?

Answer 6

• Copernicus
• Keppler
• Galielo
• Newton

Question 7

Rationalism & emiricism

Answer 7

R: active mind + process the info received from the sense and adds meaning to sensory data (rene descartes)
E: importance of sensory information and association (John Locke)

Question 8

Innate ideas

Answer 8

ideas that are inborn; ideas or principles that the mind already contains prior to experience automatically. No external stimuli or sensory experince.

Question 9

Descartes - the mind/body interaction

Answer 9

• nerves as hollow tubes: contain delicate threads connecting sensory receptors to the brain
• reflex actions: purely mechanical processes that occur in body without any conscious
• when a stimulus is applied to a part of the body it triggers specifc response activating animal spirits (subtle fluids) which moved to NS generating physical response

Question 10

Malthus

Answer 10

the population tends to grow exponentially, while resources, espcially food increase linearly leading to a struggle for existence
(adopted by Darwin SIMILARLY)

Question 10

Limits of Knowledge

Answer 10

derived from sensory experiences and reflective processes, we cannot know or understand things that lie beyond our ability to perceive or reflect upon

Question 10

John Locke (1632-1704)

Answer 10

the mind is a white paper filled by experience (tabula rasa)
- he wrote an essay concering human understanding: protest against descartes ideas

Question 11

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Answer 11

The journey of the beagle: 5 years journey
- he adopted a similar concept, the struggle of existance as one of the key components of his theory of natural selection

Question 12

Theory of evolution / natural selection - Darwin

Answer 12

result of gradual process of natural selection, where organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass their traits to the next generations

Question 13

Theory of emotions - Darwin

Answer 13

human emotions are the result of an evolutionary procesm, crucial role in survival. 6 main emotions

Question 14

Hermann von Helmholts

Answer 14

-german physiologist
-first to examine nerve impulses speed, demonstrating that they travel at a finite speed rathen than instantouneously
-psychological process must be understoof from their physiological bases

Question 14

Bell-Magendie LAw

Answer 14

STIMULATION OF SENSORY NERVES PRODUCE SENSATIONS WHILE THE STIMULATION OF MOTOR NERVES PRODUCE MOVEMENT

Charles Bell differntiation of sensory and motor nerves:
- he establsihed that carrying sensory into to brain are distict that transmitting motor signals

Francois Magandie supported Charles Bell:
- Law of foward direction: sensory neevres carry impulses from receptors to the brain and motor nerves carry impulse from brain to muscle and glands

Question 14

Darwin influences:

Answer 14

• against religious paradim
• break with the clear separation man animal
• strong influence of psychology
• individual differences
• studying behavior and mind
• development of functionalism and behaviorism

Question 14

Physiology

Answer 14

studies the biological processes by which organisms interact with the physical world

Question 15

phrenology - Joseph Gall

Answer 15

each mental faculty and particular traits of personality are located in a specific part

Question 16

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 16

- mental faculties do not exist in the same way in all human beings - each mental faculty and particula traits of personality are located in specific parts of the brain - well developed vs. poorly developed skills change prominence in corrisponding part of skull - recognized existance of both hemispheres no valid scientific evidence and used to clasify human races according to physical and mental characteristics ignoring complexities of human nature and influences

Question 17

cranial palpation - Joseph Gall

Answer 17

he believed he could identify a persons abilities and character traits by touching and exmaining th ebumps and depressions on their skull skull shape does not equal brain function

Question 18

extreme reductionism: Joseph Gall

Answer 18

a simplistic view that ignores the complexity of the brain and its interconnected functioning.

Question 19

Pierre Flourens

Answer 19

method of extirpation or ablation in animal brain research destroing the parts and noting behavioral consequences.

Question 20

Flourens conclusions

Answer 20

he concluded that there is omse localiation but cortical hemispheres function as a unit: CONTRARY TO PHRENOLOGY

Question 21

Ablation

Answer 21

ways which during Flourens study sometimes animals could recover their functions, PLASTICITY

Question 22

Paul Broca

Answer 22

Clinal method: determining a behavior disorder in a living patient, after death locate party of brain responsible for behavior Patient Tan: Broca's aphasia; difficulties in producing speech/ Broca area: responsible for speech production