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History of psychology > Precedent of scientifc psychology - Unit 2 > Flashcards

Precedent of scientifc psychology - Unit 2 Flashcards

PART 2

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1
Q

early middle age - wilder wundt

A

islamic philosophers translated, studied and expanded on the ancient wisom of greece and made great strides in medicine, science and mathematics

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1
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A

brough together the philosophical ideas of aristotle and christian beliefs.
- he believed faith and reason are not contradictory but compeltnaty (both are gifts from god that lead to truth)
reasons: helps us understand the world and knowledge
faith: offers us truths that go beyond human especially in areas concerning the divine

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2
Q

Occam’s razor:

A

the principle emphasizes simplicity in explantions and helps avoid unnecessary complexities in exclamations. (two explanation, y choose easier one)

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2
Q

William of Occam

A

William of Occam as in Occam’s Razor” was a 14th century philosopher and theologian.

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2
Q

type of truths

A
  1. nature of the trinity
  2. incarnation
  3. resurrection
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3
Q

what happened in the late middle ages?

A
  • separation between theology and philophy
  • indipendent reasoning
  • modern world transition
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4
Q

reinassance (rebirth) 1453-1600

A
  • more open minded method of inquiry
  • god centered to human centered switch
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5
Q

reinassance humanism

A

intense interest in human beings (discovering ourself for first time)

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5
Q

Newton principles

A
  1. the universe is governed by natural laws
  2. mechanists worldview (every event/action have a physical cause understood through observation and calculations)
  3. simplicity (explanations must always be as easy as possible)
  4. science progresses by refining theories and models
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6
Q

Modern Wolrd - Scientific revolution protagonists?

A
  • Copernicus
  • Keppler
  • Galielo
  • Newton
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7
Q

Rationalism & emiricism

A

R: active mind + process the info received from the sense and adds meaning to sensory data (rene descartes)
E: importance of sensory information and association (John Locke)

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8
Q

Innate ideas

A

ideas that are inborn; ideas or principles that the mind already contains prior to experience automatically. No external stimuli or sensory experince.

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9
Q

Descartes - the mind/body interaction

A
  • nerves as hollow tubes: contain delicate threads connecting sensory receptors to the brain
  • reflex actions: purely mechanical processes that occur in body without any conscious
  • when a stimulus is applied to a part of the body it triggers specifc response activating animal spirits (subtle fluids) which moved to NS generating physical response
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10
Q

Malthus

A

the population tends to grow exponentially, while resources, espcially food increase linearly leading to a struggle for existence
(adopted by Darwin SIMILARLY)

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10
Q

Limits of Knowledge

A

derived from sensory experiences and reflective processes, we cannot know or understand things that lie beyond our ability to perceive or reflect upon

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10
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A

the mind is a white paper filled by experience (tabula rasa)
- he wrote an essay concering human understanding: protest against descartes ideas

11
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A

The journey of the beagle: 5 years journey
- he adopted a similar concept, the struggle of existance as one of the key components of his theory of natural selection

12
Q

Theory of evolution / natural selection - Darwin

A

result of gradual process of natural selection, where organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass their traits to the next generations

13
Q

Theory of emotions - Darwin

A

human emotions are the result of an evolutionary procesm, crucial role in survival. 6 main emotions

14
Q

Hermann von Helmholts

A

-german physiologist
-first to examine nerve impulses speed, demonstrating that they travel at a finite speed rathen than instantouneously
-psychological process must be understoof from their physiological bases

14
Q

Bell-Magendie LAw

A

STIMULATION OF SENSORY NERVES PRODUCE SENSATIONS WHILE THE STIMULATION OF MOTOR NERVES PRODUCE MOVEMENT

Charles Bell differntiation of sensory and motor nerves:
- he establsihed that carrying sensory into to brain are distict that transmitting motor signals

Francois Magandie supported Charles Bell:
- Law of foward direction: sensory neevres carry impulses from receptors to the brain and motor nerves carry impulse from brain to muscle and glands

14
Q

Darwin influences:

A
  • against religious paradim
  • break with the clear separation man animal
  • strong influence of psychology
  • individual differences
  • studying behavior and mind
  • development of functionalism and behaviorism
14
Q

Physiology

A

studies the biological processes by which organisms interact with the physical world

15
Q

phrenology - Joseph Gall

A

each mental faculty and particular traits of personality are located in a specific part

16
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A
  • mental faculties do not exist in the same way in all human beings
  • each mental faculty and particula traits of personality are located in specific parts of the brain
  • well developed vs. poorly developed skills change prominence in corrisponding part of skull
  • recognized existance of both hemispheres
    no valid scientific evidence and used to clasify human races according to physical and mental characteristics ignoring complexities of human nature and influences
17
Q

cranial palpation - Joseph Gall

A

he believed he could identify a persons abilities and character traits by touching and exmaining th ebumps and depressions on their skull
skull shape does not equal brain function

18
Q

extreme reductionism: Joseph Gall

A

a simplistic view that ignores the complexity of the brain and its interconnected functioning.

19
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

method of extirpation or ablation in animal brain research destroing the parts and noting behavioral consequences.

20
Q

Flourens conclusions

A

he concluded that there is omse localiation but cortical hemispheres function as a unit: CONTRARY TO PHRENOLOGY

21
Q

Ablation

A

ways which during Flourens study sometimes animals could recover their functions, PLASTICITY

22
Q

Paul Broca

A

Clinal method: determining a behavior disorder in a living patient, after death locate party of brain responsible for behavior

Patient Tan: Broca’s aphasia; difficulties in producing speech/ Broca area: responsible for speech production

History of psychology (4 decks)

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