Precedent of scientifc psychology - Unit 2

Question 1

animism

Answer 1

looking at all of nature as though it were alive, spirit or soul

Question 2

anthropomorphism

Answer 2

projection of human attributes onto nature

Question 3

magic

Answer 3

elaborate methods to influence the spirits (believed in control over faith and whims of the spirits)

Question 4

philosophy

Answer 4

the love of knowldge or wisdom, began when natural explantions replaced supernaturals

Question 5

physis

Answer 5

substance or element from which everything else is derived

Question 6

cosmologist

Answer 6

first philosophers

Question 7

thales- water

Answer 7

first philosopher

Question 8

anaximander - aperoin

Answer 8

eternal, immortal, indestructible element

Question 9

pythagoras

Answer 9

dualist universe: abstract (ideas & conscience) and empirical (meteria)

Question 10

heraclitus

Answer 10

everything trasnformed into something else

Question 11

empedocles - 4 elements

Answer 11

theory of perception

Question 12

democritus -atoms

Answer 12

last of cosmologists, the soul was made of mobile atoms associated with fire

Question 14

theory of perception

Answer 14

effluents float through the air and would travel to our sensory organs thorugh the pores

Question 14

eidola (made of atoms)

Answer 14

objects emit eidola, atom of eidola make contact witht he sense of organs through air and the soul atoms process and interpret the informations

Question 15

socrates

Answer 15

Greek philosopher; socratic method–questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth
- socrates knowlege and morality were intimately related
- maieutics = giving birth to ideas
- search for essence

Question 15

Plato - theory of forms or ideas

Answer 15

• founded his own school, the Academy
  everyhting in the empirical world is a manifestation of form that exists in the abstract

Question 15

plato - theory of recollection

Answer 15

learning is not the acquisition of new informations but rather the recollection of the knowledge the soul once had before it was embodied

Question 15

4 steps of allegory of the cave

Answer 15

1. bound prisoners: human confuse the dhaowy world of sense experience with reality
2. prisoners who escapes: the individual whose actions are governed by reasoned instead of sensory impressions
3. real objects: forms
4. shadows and objects in the cave: sensory info

Question 15

sophists

Answer 15

a group of itenerant teachers and philosophers in ancient greece during the 5th century BCE. they believed truth is relative. Argued that since differnet people experince realtiy differently knowledge is often uncertain. Rejected idea of absolute truth

Question 15

Socrates agreements/disagreements

Answer 15

• belief that no truth exist beyond personal opiion (D)
• individual expeirnce and knowing the contents of ones own mind and soul is important (A)

Question 15

inductive definition

Answer 15

methods of seeking truth

Question 16

Plato .- the allegory of the cave

Answer 16

Used by Plato to describe moving across the Divided Line (realm of becoming to the realm of being) and the Simile of the Sun.
People are chained like prisoners forced to stare at the wall of a cave. What they perceive to be real are actually artificial reflections cast by fire and puppets. The philosopher is the prisoner who broke free to ascend outside the cave into the sunlight.

Question 17

Plato - the nature of the soul

Answer 17

components of the soul: rational (truth and knowledge to make wise decisions), courageous (related to emotions, willpower, courage), appetitive (linked to desires and appetites)

Question 18

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Answer 18

• took over Lyceum: first university.
• embranced rationalism and empiricism
• studying nature

Question 19

Perception - aristotle

Answer 19

explained by the motion of objects that stimulate one of the senses. INfo of environemnt provided by 5 senses.

Question 20

Aristotle - common sense and reason

Answer 20

it is the metal faculty that integrates and coordinates the information from the five senses.

Question 21

Aristotle: the hierarchy of souls

Answer 21

1. Vegetative or nutritive soul: plants
2. Sensitive soul: animals
3. Rational soul: humans

Question 22

Aristotle: Memory and recall

Answer 22

• remembering: spontaneous recollection of soemthing that had been previously experiences
• recall: memories can be triggered by external stimuli

Question 23

what happened after aristotle death

Answer 23

people foudn complicated philosophies unhelpful so applied a more practical approach that focused on everyday life.

Question 24

Stoicism

Answer 24

Zeno of citium. Difference between what is within out control and what is not

Question 25

apatheia

Answer 25

freedom from destrcutive emotions

Question 26

Neoplatonismo: Plotinus

Answer 26

emphasized hierarchical structure or reality. The One.
1. Highest level is the One, a transcedent source of all existance.
2. Below the One emnate various levels of reality less than perfect.

Question 27

The One

Answer 27

ultimate source and principles of reality. It is beyond being and non being, comprehension and description.

Question 28

St. Augustine

Answer 28

• combined soicism and neoplatonism
• he believed faith is the starting point of knowledge and through faith y can seek deeper understanding.
• reason is limited
• faith and reason are not antagonistic but completary

Question 29

Saint augustine idea

Answer 29

original sin, free will, divide grace, predestination