Precedent of scientifc psychology - Unit 2 Flashcards
PART 1
animism
looking at all of nature as though it were alive, spirit or soul
anthropomorphism
projection of human attributes onto nature
magic
elaborate methods to influence the spirits (believed in control over faith and whims of the spirits)
philosophy
the love of knowldge or wisdom, began when natural explantions replaced supernaturals
physis
substance or element from which everything else is derived
cosmologist
first philosophers
thales- water
first philosopher
anaximander - aperoin
eternal, immortal, indestructible element
pythagoras
dualist universe: abstract (ideas & conscience) and empirical (meteria)
heraclitus
everything trasnformed into something else
empedocles - 4 elements
theory of perception
democritus -atoms
last of cosmologists, the soul was made of mobile atoms associated with fire
theory of perception
effluents float through the air and would travel to our sensory organs thorugh the pores
eidola (made of atoms)
objects emit eidola, atom of eidola make contact witht he sense of organs through air and the soul atoms process and interpret the informations
socrates
Greek philosopher; socratic method–questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth
- socrates knowlege and morality were intimately related
- maieutics = giving birth to ideas
- search for essence
Plato - theory of forms or ideas
- founded his own school, the Academy
everyhting in the empirical world is a manifestation of form that exists in the abstract
plato - theory of recollection
learning is not the acquisition of new informations but rather the recollection of the knowledge the soul once had before it was embodied
4 steps of allegory of the cave
- bound prisoners: human confuse the dhaowy world of sense experience with reality
- prisoners who escapes: the individual whose actions are governed by reasoned instead of sensory impressions
- real objects: forms
- shadows and objects in the cave: sensory info
sophists
a group of itenerant teachers and philosophers in ancient greece during the 5th century BCE. they believed truth is relative. Argued that since differnet people experince realtiy differently knowledge is often uncertain. Rejected idea of absolute truth
Socrates agreements/disagreements
- belief that no truth exist beyond personal opiion (D)
- individual expeirnce and knowing the contents of ones own mind and soul is important (A)
inductive definition
methods of seeking truth
Plato .- the allegory of the cave
Used by Plato to describe moving across the Divided Line (realm of becoming to the realm of being) and the Simile of the Sun.
People are chained like prisoners forced to stare at the wall of a cave. What they perceive to be real are actually artificial reflections cast by fire and puppets. The philosopher is the prisoner who broke free to ascend outside the cave into the sunlight.
Plato - the nature of the soul
components of the soul: rational (truth and knowledge to make wise decisions), courageous (related to emotions, willpower, courage), appetitive (linked to desires and appetites)
