Preaching & Preparation of Third Crusade Flashcards
Motives of Pope Gregory VIII
Issued the papal bull which was called Audita Tremendi
Died in Pisa on 17th Dec 1187 so was only pope for 2 months
HOWEVER before his death he achieved two things:
1) healed a rift between Genoa and Pisa who provided troops + supplies
2) Got the papacy back on good terms with HRE.
His good relationship with Frederick Barbarossa meant that German Emperor took the cross without any hesitation
Gregory was succeeded by Clement III after his death who was crucial in pushing Henry II and Philip II of France to take the cross
Siege of Acre
Conrad of Montferrat’s arrival and capture of Tyre boosted morale and offered leadership
Population of Tyre had increased due to the exodus from Jerusalem and other defeated towns
After Saladin conquest of Jerusalem, he chose to release Guy de Lusignan (who was initially captured at Hattin in 1188) on the condition that Guy would leave his kingdom and go overseas
Guy therefore sailed to the island of Ruad which was 2 miles off the coast of Tortosa exclaiming that he fulfilled his oath
Guy without a kingdom meant he was denied entry into Tyre by Conrad therefore he instead set out for Acre
His siege at Acre lasted from 1189 - 1191 and 5000 mens lives were lost BUT crusaders were victorious posing a major blow to Saladin’s prestige which dented his invincibility
Frederick Barbarossa - PREPARATIONS (relations with papacy etc.)
IMPROVED RELATIONSHIP WITH PAPACY:
- Urban III refused to crown Frederick’s son, Henry, as co-emperor as Henry’s betrothal to Constance of Sicily would surround the papal stateswith hostile neighbours HOWEVER after Urban III death and Gregory VIII becoming new pope allowed better relations
Took the cross at the Council of Mainz in 1188 as he had better relations with pope and had Italian supporters from house of Montferrat
Frederick also set out to protect Jewish population within his empire as the papal bull set out conditions of not harming Jews AND may have wanted to borrow money from Jewish community
Frederick of Barbarossa - RECONCILIATIONS
ATTEMPTS TO STABILISE THE EMPIRE THROUGH RECONCILIATION:
1) Philip von Heinsburg (former noble who expanded his territories which alarmed Frederick) sided with Urban III after break up of Duchy of Saxony but later reconciled with Frederick at Council of Mainz –> Philip gave 2000 marks on the crusade to help (relations improved)
Henry the Lion, Frederick’s cousin, was stripped of his titles, land and sent into exile –> Frederick gave him 3 choices and he chose to stay in exile out of the 3 choices (despite not actually sticking to it)
Issued a ‘Land Peace’ which sought to regulate and limit feuds while he was on crusade therefore Henry, his eldest son, was accepted as co-emperor and would rule in his place as Henry VI and his second son Frederick of Swabia went on crusade with him
Frederick Barbarossa - DIPLOMACY & FINANCES
Sent envoys to Hungary and Constantinople to arrange supplies/routes.
Envoys from newly installed Emperor Isaac II travelled to Constantinople in Spring 1189.
–> HOWEVER, nothing was achieved with Isaac because he had an existing agreement with Saladin to hinder Frederick’s progress, and he feared that Frederick would pursue lands in Balkans & attack Constantinople
He also sent envoys to Kilij Arslan II asking for safe passage through Asia Minor.
Frederick’s also has open negotiations with Armenian Cilicia too
Frederick’s crusade was well financed and planned
King Philip of France & Richard of England - PREPARATIONS
Richard took the cross in Autumn of 1187 and wanted to go on crusade for remission of sins –> HOWEVER Henry II, Richard’s father, was shocked while Phillip, his liege lord, was angry
However Philip and Henry soon agreed to take the cross in 1188
Richard got in argument with Henry II but Philip sided with Richard as Henry wouldn’t proclaim Richard (the eldest son) king as he favoured his youngest son John –> BUT john secretly sided with Richard and Philip therefore Henry II died thus allowing Richard to become king
King Philip of France & Richard of England - FINANCES
They both financed the crusade through the Saladin tithe which was10% tax on non-participants
Richard further put up everything he had for sale and even wanted to sell London but could not find a buyer
Both Philip and Richard made an agreement that any gains on crusade would be spilt 50-50 with each other
King Philip of France & Richard of England - RECONCILIATIONS
Death of Henry II strained Philip and Richard’s relationship to an extent
Major dispute between the two men was the betrothal of Philip’s sister, Alice, to Richard —> HOWEVER it was rumoured that Alice had a child with Henry II thus making it impossible for Richard to marry her
King Philip of France & Richard of England - DIPLOMACY
Philip settled his affairs in France by delegating power to his mother Adela and hi uncle William the archbishop of Reims
Richard settled affairs in England by endowing John (his brother) with land in England
Richard also ensured discipline of the army through harsh penalties for misconduct during the crusade,e.g.murderers tied to the body of their victim and thrown overboard.
