Pre-Unity

Question 1

Secret societies facts

Answer 1

• did not work together, not well organised, mostly middle class
• the Carbonari had 60,000 members = 5% of the adult male population — they wanted a constitution

Question 2

Revolutions of 1830-32
Modena + Parma

Answer 2

M = Enrich Misley (part of the Carbonari) leads revolts, Tells his ruler Duke Francis IV,Who betrays him and goes to Austria for help, Revolutionaries take over and establish a provisional government
P = Students were inspired by Modena and rioted and demanded a constitution, They made contact with Modena and a joint army commander was appointed
Result = Francis IV returned with Austrian army and crushed the radicals in March 1831

Question 3

Revolutions of 1830-32
The Papal States

Answer 3

1831 Bologna = ‘the Government of the Italian Provinces’ was formed
They refused to send help to Modena
The Austrian Army defeated the rebels

Question 4

Examples of the Risorgimento cultural and artistic movement

Answer 4

Verdi’s chorus of the Hebrew slaves echoed the Italian struggle against foreign power
I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed) by Manzoni = patriotic
The Antologia was written in by Cavour and Garibaldi
The Reformisti [the reformers] rose to prominence after 1830 = they believedd that if Italy was free from AUstrian control, they would flourish economically

Question 5

Metternich

Answer 5

Klemens Von Metternich
Foreign minister of the Austrian empire
Stated that “Italy was only a geographical expression”
Resigned March 1848

Question 6

Mazzini early influence

Answer 6

Young Italy created 1831
Which had 50,000 members by 1833

Question 7

Alternatives to Mazzini
Balbo + d’Azeglio

Answer 7

• Rule of Charles Albert = Albertisti
• Balbo = ‘Le Speranze d’Italia’ (the hopes for Italy) in 1844
• d’Azeglio =“On recent events in Romagna” 1846 — revolutionaries who died fighting Austria, he called martyrs = anti-austrian

Question 8

Alternatives to Mazzini
Gioberti

Answer 8

Rule of Pius IX = Neo-Guelphism
Poor = president
‘Primato’ in 1843 which sold 5,000 copies

Question 9

Causes of the 1848 revolutions
Reforms of Pius IX

Answer 9

Elected in 1846
1846-47, Pius freed 2,000 political prisoners
He reformed education, law, and the papal administrative
He ended press censorship
Consulta of elected advisors created in 1847
Rome had a constitution in February 1848

Question 10

Causes of the 1848 revolutions
Unpopularity Austria

Answer 10

Tension increased in July 1847 when Austrian troops caused the Pope to lodge a formal protest — He denied them access across the Papal States January 1848
- Taxes in Venetia and Lombardy made up ⅓ of the Austrian Empire’s revenue
- March 1831 supress revoltion modena and parma
- Metternich resigns 1848 March so 22nd CA declares war

Question 11

Causes of the 1848 revolutions
Growth of ideologies/nationalism

Answer 11

Liberalism = Charles Albert ‘the Statuto’ 1847
Nationalism = Azeglio, Balbo, and Gioberti
Radicalism = Mazzini Young Italy 1831

Question 12

Causes of the 1848 revolutions
Social and Economic discontent

Answer 12

Hunger politics –> 90% of the population were peasants
Europe-wide harvest failures in 1846 and 47
In 1840s Naples life expectancy was just 24
Cholera outbreak in 1836 killed 65,000 in Naples
Tobacco monopoly over Lombardy so 5 Glorious days of Milan

By 1871, only 630,000 out of a population of 27 million spoke Italian
Poor harvests in 1840
90% of the population were peasants

Question 13

Mazzini failed revolts

Answer 13

1831 Genoa failed
- 1844 Bandiero Brothers executed
- Cavour turned Mazzini in causing 1853 Milan revolution to fail
- Massa 1854
- Palermo 1856
- Garibaldi distance 1854 and Manin 1855