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Anatomy - Carrissa Edits > Pre-test > Flashcards

Pre-test Flashcards

1
Q

Medical prefixes

A

Chapter 2

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2
Q

Label body/ word bank like anterior, posterior

A

Chapter 1

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3
Q

Bone types:

A

Cortical: dense outershell, 80%
Cancellous: spongious bone encased by the cortical bone

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4
Q

Wolffs law

A

Bone reformation occurs in response to the stresses that is placed on it

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5
Q

Vertebrae in each section of the spine

A

Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar-5

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6
Q

Nerve root function: dorsal and ventral

A

Dorsal- sensory

Ventral- motor

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7
Q

Vcf

A

Vertebral Compression Fracture: vertebral bone in the spine collapses, causing the spine to shorten and often fall forward

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8
Q

What is the scope of the VCF problem (total number of patients, etc.)? Why is this condition worth treating?

A
  • over 700k spinal fracture from osteoporosis annually in us
  • only 1/3 treated clinically diagnosed each year.
  • important to treat b/c of the reduced quality of life and increased mortality resulting from 1st fracture
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9
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Skeletal disorder characterized by reduction in mass of bone and increase in risk fracture

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10
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone condition in which concentration of minerals is diminished and bone mass reduced

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11
Q

Similarities and differences between osteoporosis and osteopenia

A

Similarities: increased risk of fracture from decreased bone mass
Differences: osteopenia has de-mineralized bone, while osteoporosis is normal mineralized bone

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12
Q

NIH

A

National institute of health; one of the worlds most foremost medical research centers

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13
Q

List positive and negative risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
\+ :                       
Calcium intake 
Exercise
Fluoride supplement
Moderate alcohol consumption
Obesity
 - :
Aging 
Gonadal hormones
Oophorectomy w/o HRP
High protein diet
Vitamin D deficiency 
Smoking
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14
Q

Osteoblast vs Osteoclast

A

Osteoblast- creates or builds bone

Osteoclast- destroys bone

This reformation is in response to the stresses applied on it (Wolffs Law)

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15
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis

Non-pharmaceutical

A

adequate calcium intake, adequate vitamin d intake, regular weight bearing activity, reduced alcohol/ smoking

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16
Q

Label vertebral body

A

Look at picture

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17
Q

VCFs vertebral deformations:

A

Crush fractures: collapse of entire vertebral body

Wedge fractures: collapse of anterior or posterior of vertebral body

Bioconcave fracture: collapse of central portion of both vertebral body end plates

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18
Q

Treatments for VCF’s

Non-pharmaceutical

A

physical therapy, ice baths, braces, vertebroplasty, kypoplasty

19
Q

Treatment for VCF:

(pharmaceutical)

SERM

A

Mimic the effects of estrogen in some tissues while blocking its effects in other tissues
Ex: evista
Effective at preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis without causing endometrial proliferation or increasing the risk of breast cancer

Increase hot flashes and leg cramps

20
Q

Treatment for VCF:

(pharmaceutical)

Biophosphates

A

Bind permanently to mineralized bone surfaces and inhibit osteoclastic activity during bone resorption

Ex: boniva

Effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Side effects: nausea, heartburn, abdominal pain

21
Q

Treatment for VCF:

(pharmaceutical)

Calcitonin

A

Increased the levels of calcium and potassium in the bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood

Treatment not prevention of osteoporosis

Ex: miacalcin

Increases bone density, decreases bone loss, relieves pain of VCF

Side effects: nausea, diarrhea

22
Q

Treatment for VCF:

(pharmaceutical)

Recombinant parathyroid hormone

A

Ex: forteo

Called bone formation agents; acts on osteoblasts to stimulate new bone growth and improve bone density

Decrease risk of VF

Side effects: dizziness, headache, pain

Question if it leads to bone disease

23
Q

Non-narcotic pain

A

Acetaminophen, rare side effects, increased risk of liver damage

NSAIDs, negative effects on GI tract

Cox 2 inhibitors: anti-inflammatory drugs that exhibit cox-2 enzyme

24
Q

Narcotic pain meds

A

Work directly on central nervous system

Ex: codeine and morphine

Can cause drowsiness and constipation

25
Q

Patient operative placement

Supine or dorsal

A

Lying on the back

26
Q

Patient operative placement

Prone

A

Lying on the abdomen (face down)

27
Q

Patient operative placement

Knee-chest

A

Kneeling, face down

28
Q

Patient operative placement

Lithotomy

A

Lying on back, thigh elevated, legs at 90 degrees

29
Q

Patient operative placement

Trendelenburg

A

Lying on back, head down

30
Q

Patient operative placement

Lateral decubitus

A

Lying on the side

31
Q

Morbidity

A

Postoperative complications

32
Q

Morality

A

Death, either on the surgical table or as a result of postoperative morbidity

33
Q

Inflation Syringe releases _____ of contract into the IBT

A

.5 cc

34
Q

Order of back table/ mayo stand

A 
Guide pin
Skin marker
Scalpel
Jamshid/11-gauge access needle
Guide pin 
OsteoIntroducer w workin cannula
Additional cannula
Bone biopsy device 
Precision drill
Bone filler device
35
Q

Ballon size:

A

Size Max vol Max pres. color

10/3 4cc 400 psi Yellow

15/3 4cc 400psi Black

20/3 4cc 400psi White

36
Q

Views of X-RAY

A

AP: end plates parallel, equidistant, pedicles located in upper 1/2 of vertebral body

Lateral: end plates parallel while pedicles superimposed

Oblique- direct view down canal of pedicle

37
Q

Treatment for VCF

Pharmaceutical

A 
Hormone replacement therapy
SERM
Biophosphates 
Calcitonin 
Recombinant parathyroid hormone
38
Q

Treatment for VCF:

(pharmaceutical)

Hormone replacement therapy

A

example: premarin
* can prevent bone loss but is unable to restore bone mass
* effective at relieving postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness
* decreases the risk of fractures
* overall negative impact on patient health

39
Q

SERM

A

Evista

40
Q

Biophosphates

A

Boniva

41
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

Premarin

42
Q

Recombinant parathyroid hormone

A

Forteo

43
Q

Calcitonin

A

Miacalcin

Anatomy - Carrissa Edits (10 decks)

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