Anatomy Test 1 Flashcards
Cancellous bone
Spongious bone, encased by cortical bone
Osteogenic cells
Bone precursor cells that can become either osteoblasts or osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Primary bone cells that keep bone alive
Osteoclasts
Cell that Destroy bone
Cortical bone
Dense, outer shell
_____ surrounds all bone. This structure is rich in vascular supply. Progenitor cells reside in this tissue layer
Periosteum
Bone is a biphasic material consisting of ____ and ____
Calcium phosphate and collagen
Describe wolfs law
Use it or loss it
When a bone fractures, a ______ _____ forms. This activity will be visible on a T2 MRI.
Blood clot
A soft tissue ____ then forms, but cannot support weight.
Callus
A ___ _____ then forms of the fracture has been immobilized.
Bony callus
Finally, normal bone ______ occurs as the bone is able to sustain normal loads
Remodeling
List the 4 things needed to maximize the healing of the bone
Restore anatomical relationships
Stabilize the fracture site
Preserve blood and nerve supply
Provide early and safe mobilization
A clear contradiction for kyphoplasty is ______
Infection
Osteoporosis
Skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture
Osteopenia
Disorder of low bone mass in which bone strength is compromised, but not yet severe
How many bones in each section of the spine
Cervical-7 Thoracic-12 Lumbar-5 Sacrum-5 Coccyx-4
Lumbar vertebra
Number of lumbar vertebrae: Vertebral body shape: Pedicle size: Pedicle orientation: Spinous process: Vertebral foramen:
Number of lumbar vertebrae: 5 Vertebral body shape: bean Pedicle size: thick Pedicle orientation: lateral to medial Spinous process: hatchet Vertebral foramen: triangular
Thoracic vertebrae:
Number of thoracic vertebrae: Vertebral body shape: Pedicle size: Pedicle orientation: Spinous process: Vertebral foramen:
Number of thoracic vertebrae: 12 Vertebral body shape: heart Pedicle size: thin Pedicle orientation: sagitally-oriented Spinous process: long Vertebral foramen: round
Name 2 rib joints
At which levels are there only one of these joints?
Costovertebral joint
Costotransverse joint
T11 and T12
List components of the intervertebral disk
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosis
Intervertebral disc
The endplates consist of _____ and ______.
Hyaline cartilage and cortical bone
Name 2 ligaments and what they do:
Posterior longitudinal ligament- stabilizes flexion
Anterior longitudinal ligament- stabilizes extension
Name the ligament that connects lamina to lamina
Ligamentum flava
Lordosis
Excessive lumbar curvature, Swayback
Kyphosis
Increase thoracic curvature over normal (Hunchback)
Muscles
Thoracic region:
Trapezius
Muscles
Lumbar region:
Latissimus dorsi
Muscle that keeps spine extension
Erector spinae
Muscle that supports posture
Transvereospinalis
Name the pathway that an embolus would follow from a vertebral body into the lungs:
Lumbar and thoracic
Basivertebral vein Internal Venus plexus Intervertebral vein Segmental vein Ascending lumbar vein Azygos Arch of azygos Superior vena cava Heart
Thoracic doesn’t have lumbar
Menings:
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Deepest mening
Pia mater
There are ___ spinal nerves
31 pairs
Nerves:
Ventral
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Costovertebral
12 (12 ribs that connect- vertebrae)
Name the deep intrinsic back muscle that helps to keep the spine up right
Erector spinae
Thoracic region
Trapezius
Lumbar region
Latissimus Dorsi
Name the deep intrinsic back muscle that helps to rotate the spine______.
Transversosponalis
Is an extension of the Pia mater, located inferior to the spinal cord
Filum terminale
Costotransverse
10 (exclude T11&T12)
List the superficial muscle
Trapezius : thoracic
Latissimus dorsi : lumbar
