pre midterm Flashcards by Romel Miskel VI

role of albumin

to attract and hold water inside the capillaries. low albumin leads to edema

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DNA/RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between

3’ OH and 5’ phosphate

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reverse transcriptase inhibitor that can prolong the like in HIV infected individuals

Azidothymidine Zidovudine (AZT) (nucleoside analog)

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AZT causes chain termination due to lack of

3’ OH

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antiviral used for herpes

acyclovir (takes away 3’ OH) (nucleoside analog)

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nucleoside analogue that is important in therapy of leukemias

cytosine arabinoside

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used in childhood Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Adenosine arabinoside

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difference between nucleoside and nucleotide

nucleosides lack 5’ phosphate group on the pentose sugar

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inhibitors of DNA gyrase

quinolone drugs ( ciprofloxacin )

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enzyme that relieves strain from DNA that is being unwound by helicase

gyrase (relaxes positive supercoils)

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DNA gyrase is only found in

prokaryotes

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charge of histones

positive (lysine and arginine)

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transcriptionally active chromatin

euchromatin

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condensed chromatin

heterochromatin

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causes DNA hypomethylation and increase transcription

decitabine and 5-azacytidine

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DNA base that is involved in methylation

cytosine

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DNA modification that causes that formation of heterochromatin

methylation

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modification that removes positive charge from histone to reduce affinity between histone and DNA

acetylation (helps form euchromatin)

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metal ion required for DNA polymerase activity

magnesium

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rolling circle replication happens where

bacteriophage

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does synthesis of leading and lagging strands

DNA polymerase III

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removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

DNA polymerase I

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prevents reannealing of separated DNA

ssb proteins

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joins okazaki fragments together

DNA ligase

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tightly holds DNA polymerase onto the template for synthesis

clamp protein

inhibits DNA replication and transcription

Actinomycin D

Cancer drug that Inhibits type I topoisomerase

Camptothecin

Inhibits type II topoisomerase

Etoposide

Inhibits RNA polymerase II

Amanitin from death cap mushroom

Rho independent termination

intrinsic (loop)

wobble takes place at which end

inactivates EF-2

diphtheria toxin

drug that inhibits initiation by binding to 30s subunit and distorting it

streptomycin

Basic drugs are absorbed where

Intestine

Acidic drugs are absorbed where

Stomach

Renal response to acidosis

Piss NH4+

Renal response to alkalosis

Piss HCO3

carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to

increased urinary HCO3

normal pCO2

38-42mmHg

normal HCO3

22-25mmol/L

acid base disorder caused by opiods and anesthetics

respiratory acidosis

acid base disorder caused by COPD, RDS and fibrosis of the lung

respiratory acidosis

hyperventilation causes

respiratory alkalosis

acid base disorder associated with diabetes

metabolic acidosis

diarrhea causes

metabolic acidosis

effects of Acetazolamide

inhibits carbonic anhydrase (metabolic acidosis)

vomiting causes

metabolic alkalosis

immediate precursor to ammonia

glutamine

oxygen dissociation curve for myglogin is

hyperbolic ( hemoglobin is sigmoidal)

in areas of ______ pCO2 or _____ pH, the hemoglobin curve will shift _____ and hemoglobin affinity of O2 will ______ changing the molecule to the ______ form

increased, lowered, right, decrease, taut

2-3 BPG effect on Bohr curve.

Right shift

Nitrates, chocolate blood and blue skin

Methemoglobinemia

3 things that acetazolamide treats

mountain sickness, epilepsy, glaucoma

trouble with breaking down branched chain amino acids. Name disease and amino acids

Maple syrup urine disease, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

activated methionine

SAM ( major methyl donor for many reaction)

how is NE changed into Epi

methylation by SAM

how is L DOPA formed

hydroxylation of L tyrosine

bond strength order

C, I, H, H, V

used in the lab to break disulfide bonds

mercaptoethanol

used in lab to break hydrophobic bonds

SDS

collagen synthesis order

procollagen, tropocollagen, collagen

cofactor needed for lysyl oxidase

copper

cofactor needed for hydroproline

Vit C

cofactore needed for lysyl hydroxylase

Vit C

special cross linkages found n elastin that allow its rubber like properties

desmosine and isodesmosine ( desmosine gives off yellow color)

Used to measure the severity of lung fibrosis

Hydroxyproline

trypsin does its work where

duodenum

pepsin works where

stomach

The one kinase that is reversible

creatine kinase

types of CK in the heart

Ck-MM (70%) Ck-MB (30%) CK-MB is the marker because its only found in the heart

protein measured in heart damage

Troponin T and Troponin I

how long is troponin elevated?

1 week

how long is CK MB elevated

peaks at 24 and returns to normal at 48

high AST/ALT ratio indicates

alcohol damage

alcohol abuse marker

GGT

marker for bile duct obstruction or liver cirrhosis

ALP ( alkaline phosphatase)

marker for pancreas damage

b-amylase and lipase ( lipase higher in alcohol abuse)

liver cancer marker

Alpha Fetal Protein (also marks ovarian and testicular cancer)

normal LDH ratio

LDH-2 is normally higher that LDH-1. Flips in MI

cardiac diad is located

z line

inhibits peptidyl transferase

Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide

sphingosine with fatty acid joined to its amino group is called

ceramide

phosphatdylethanolamine is found inner or outer?

found in inner leaflet of plasma membrane

phosphatdylcholine (lecithin) is found inner or outer

outer leaflet

exposure of ______ on the outer surface of cells is an indicator of apoptosis

phosphatdytylserine. usually found on inner leaflet. has negative charge

found on inner leaflet and can be phosphorylated to PIP2

phosphatidylinositol

special phospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane and bacteria

cardiolipin

barth syndrome cardiomyopathy

deficiency in cardiolipin

provides the glycocalyx

glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins

provides surfactant in the lung

lecithin

provides monolayer in lipoprotein

lecithin

antigenic for syphillis ( treponema pallidum)

cardolipin

composition of lipid raft (modified fluid mosaic model)

cholesterol and sphingolipids

cholesterol ______the fluidity close to the polar heads of lipid bilayer

decreases

cells that release surfactant

aveolar type II

lung maturity of the fetus is often predicted by the _______ ratio

lecithin/sphingomyelin

antigenic determinant of ABO blood groups

sphingolipids

cofactor for sphingolipid synthesis

PLP (B6)

ceramide with more than 1 sugar

globoside

neutral glycosphingolipids

cerebrosides (1 sugar), globoside (>1 sugar)

20:4 omega 6

arachidonic acid

20:5 omega 3

EPA

22:6 omega 3

DHA

18:2 omega 6

linoleic

18:3 omega 3

a-linolenic

shorter and unsaturated fatty acids make the membrane

more fluid

esterified phospolipids are located in position ___ of glycerol backbone

pre midterm Flashcards

(107 cards)