pre midterm Flashcards

(107 cards)

1
Q

role of albumin

A

to attract and hold water inside the capillaries. low albumin leads to edema

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2
Q

DNA/RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between

A

3’ OH and 5’ phosphate

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3
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitor that can prolong the like in HIV infected individuals

A

Azidothymidine Zidovudine (AZT) (nucleoside analog)

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4
Q

AZT causes chain termination due to lack of

A

3’ OH

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5
Q

antiviral used for herpes

A

acyclovir (takes away 3’ OH) (nucleoside analog)

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6
Q

nucleoside analogue that is important in therapy of leukemias

A

cytosine arabinoside

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7
Q

used in childhood Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

Adenosine arabinoside

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8
Q

difference between nucleoside and nucleotide

A

nucleosides lack 5’ phosphate group on the pentose sugar

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9
Q

inhibitors of DNA gyrase

A

quinolone drugs ( ciprofloxacin )

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10
Q

enzyme that relieves strain from DNA that is being unwound by helicase

A

gyrase (relaxes positive supercoils)

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11
Q

DNA gyrase is only found in

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

charge of histones

A

positive (lysine and arginine)

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13
Q

transcriptionally active chromatin

A

euchromatin

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14
Q

condensed chromatin

A

heterochromatin

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15
Q

causes DNA hypomethylation and increase transcription

A

decitabine and 5-azacytidine

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16
Q

DNA base that is involved in methylation

A

cytosine

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17
Q

DNA modification that causes that formation of heterochromatin

A

methylation

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18
Q

modification that removes positive charge from histone to reduce affinity between histone and DNA

A

acetylation (helps form euchromatin)

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19
Q

metal ion required for DNA polymerase activity

A

magnesium

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20
Q

rolling circle replication happens where

A

bacteriophage

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21
Q

does synthesis of leading and lagging strands

A

DNA polymerase III

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22
Q

removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

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23
Q

prevents reannealing of separated DNA

A

ssb proteins

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24
Q

joins okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

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25
tightly holds DNA polymerase onto the template for synthesis
clamp protein
26
inhibits DNA replication and transcription
Actinomycin D
27
Cancer drug that Inhibits type I topoisomerase
Camptothecin
28
Inhibits type II topoisomerase
Etoposide
29
Inhibits RNA polymerase II
Amanitin from death cap mushroom
30
Rho independent termination
intrinsic (loop)
31
wobble takes place at which end
5'
32
inactivates EF-2
diphtheria toxin
33
drug that inhibits initiation by binding to 30s subunit and distorting it
streptomycin
34
Basic drugs are absorbed where
Intestine
35
Acidic drugs are absorbed where
Stomach
36
Renal response to acidosis
Piss NH4+
37
Renal response to alkalosis
Piss HCO3
38
carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to
increased urinary HCO3
39
normal pCO2
38-42mmHg
40
normal HCO3
22-25mmol/L
41
acid base disorder caused by opiods and anesthetics
respiratory acidosis
42
acid base disorder caused by COPD, RDS and fibrosis of the lung
respiratory acidosis
43
hyperventilation causes
respiratory alkalosis
44
acid base disorder associated with diabetes
metabolic acidosis
45
diarrhea causes
metabolic acidosis
46
effects of Acetazolamide
inhibits carbonic anhydrase (metabolic acidosis)
47
vomiting causes
metabolic alkalosis
48
immediate precursor to ammonia
glutamine
49
oxygen dissociation curve for myglogin is
hyperbolic ( hemoglobin is sigmoidal)
50
in areas of ______ pCO2 or _____ pH, the hemoglobin curve will shift _____ and hemoglobin affinity of O2 will ______ changing the molecule to the ______ form
increased, lowered, right, decrease, taut
51
2-3 BPG effect on Bohr curve.
Right shift
52
Nitrates, chocolate blood and blue skin
Methemoglobinemia
53
3 things that acetazolamide treats
mountain sickness, epilepsy, glaucoma
54
trouble with breaking down branched chain amino acids. Name disease and amino acids
Maple syrup urine disease, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
55
activated methionine
SAM ( major methyl donor for many reaction)
56
how is NE changed into Epi
methylation by SAM
57
how is L DOPA formed
hydroxylation of L tyrosine
58
bond strength order
C, I, H, H, V
59
used in the lab to break disulfide bonds
mercaptoethanol
60
used in lab to break hydrophobic bonds
SDS
61
collagen synthesis order
procollagen, tropocollagen, collagen
62
cofactor needed for lysyl oxidase
copper
63
cofactor needed for hydroproline
Vit C
64
cofactore needed for lysyl hydroxylase
Vit C
65
special cross linkages found n elastin that allow its rubber like properties
desmosine and isodesmosine ( desmosine gives off yellow color)
66
Used to measure the severity of lung fibrosis
Hydroxyproline
67
trypsin does its work where
duodenum
68
pepsin works where
stomach
69
The one kinase that is reversible
creatine kinase
70
types of CK in the heart
Ck-MM (70%) Ck-MB (30%) CK-MB is the marker because its only found in the heart
71
protein measured in heart damage
Troponin T and Troponin I
72
how long is troponin elevated?
1 week
73
how long is CK MB elevated
peaks at 24 and returns to normal at 48
74
high AST/ALT ratio indicates
alcohol damage
75
alcohol abuse marker
GGT
76
marker for bile duct obstruction or liver cirrhosis
ALP ( alkaline phosphatase)
77
marker for pancreas damage
b-amylase and lipase ( lipase higher in alcohol abuse)
78
liver cancer marker
Alpha Fetal Protein (also marks ovarian and testicular cancer)
79
normal LDH ratio
LDH-2 is normally higher that LDH-1. Flips in MI
80
cardiac diad is located
z line
81
inhibits peptidyl transferase
Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide
82
sphingosine with fatty acid joined to its amino group is called
ceramide
83
phosphatdylethanolamine is found inner or outer?
found in inner leaflet of plasma membrane
84
phosphatdylcholine (lecithin) is found inner or outer
outer leaflet
85
exposure of ______ on the outer surface of cells is an indicator of apoptosis
phosphatdytylserine. usually found on inner leaflet. has negative charge
86
found on inner leaflet and can be phosphorylated to PIP2
phosphatidylinositol
87
special phospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane and bacteria
cardiolipin
88
barth syndrome cardiomyopathy
deficiency in cardiolipin
89
provides the glycocalyx
glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins
90
provides surfactant in the lung
lecithin
91
provides monolayer in lipoprotein
lecithin
92
antigenic for syphillis ( treponema pallidum)
cardolipin
93
composition of lipid raft (modified fluid mosaic model)
cholesterol and sphingolipids
94
cholesterol ______the fluidity close to the polar heads of lipid bilayer
decreases
95
cells that release surfactant
aveolar type II
96
lung maturity of the fetus is often predicted by the _______ ratio
lecithin/sphingomyelin
97
antigenic determinant of ABO blood groups
sphingolipids
98
cofactor for sphingolipid synthesis
PLP (B6)
99
ceramide with more than 1 sugar
globoside
100
neutral glycosphingolipids
cerebrosides (1 sugar), globoside (>1 sugar)
101
20:4 omega 6
arachidonic acid
102
20:5 omega 3
EPA
103
22:6 omega 3
DHA
104
18:2 omega 6
linoleic
105
18:3 omega 3
a-linolenic
106
shorter and unsaturated fatty acids make the membrane
more fluid
107
esterified phospolipids are located in position ___ of glycerol backbone
2