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Biochem Pre Midterm > pre midterm > Flashcards

pre midterm Flashcards

1
Q

role of albumin

A

to attract and hold water inside the capillaries. low albumin leads to edema

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2
Q

DNA/RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between

A

3’ OH and 5’ phosphate

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3
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitor that can prolong the like in HIV infected individuals

A

Azidothymidine Zidovudine (AZT) (nucleoside analog)

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4
Q

AZT causes chain termination due to lack of

A

3’ OH

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5
Q

antiviral used for herpes

A

acyclovir (takes away 3’ OH) (nucleoside analog)

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6
Q

nucleoside analogue that is important in therapy of leukemias

A

cytosine arabinoside

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7
Q

used in childhood Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

Adenosine arabinoside

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8
Q

difference between nucleoside and nucleotide

A

nucleosides lack 5’ phosphate group on the pentose sugar

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9
Q

inhibitors of DNA gyrase

A

quinolone drugs ( ciprofloxacin )

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10
Q

enzyme that relieves strain from DNA that is being unwound by helicase

A

gyrase (relaxes positive supercoils)

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11
Q

DNA gyrase is only found in

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

charge of histones

A

positive (lysine and arginine)

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13
Q

transcriptionally active chromatin

A

euchromatin

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14
Q

condensed chromatin

A

heterochromatin

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15
Q

causes DNA hypomethylation and increase transcription

A

decitabine and 5-azacytidine

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16
Q

DNA base that is involved in methylation

A

cytosine

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17
Q

DNA modification that causes that formation of heterochromatin

A

methylation

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18
Q

modification that removes positive charge from histone to reduce affinity between histone and DNA

A

acetylation (helps form euchromatin)

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19
Q

metal ion required for DNA polymerase activity

A

magnesium

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20
Q

rolling circle replication happens where

A

bacteriophage

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21
Q

does synthesis of leading and lagging strands

A

DNA polymerase III

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22
Q

removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

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23
Q

prevents reannealing of separated DNA

A

ssb proteins

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24
Q

joins okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

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25
Q

tightly holds DNA polymerase onto the template for synthesis

A

clamp protein

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26
Q

inhibits DNA replication and transcription

A

Actinomycin D

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27
Q

Cancer drug that Inhibits type I topoisomerase

A

Camptothecin

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28
Q

Inhibits type II topoisomerase

A

Etoposide

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29
Q

Inhibits RNA polymerase II

A

Amanitin from death cap mushroom

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30
Q

Rho independent termination

A

intrinsic (loop)

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31
Q

wobble takes place at which end

A

5’

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32
Q

inactivates EF-2

A

diphtheria toxin

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33
Q

drug that inhibits initiation by binding to 30s subunit and distorting it

A

streptomycin

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34
Q

Basic drugs are absorbed where

A

Intestine

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35
Q

Acidic drugs are absorbed where

A

Stomach

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36
Q

Renal response to acidosis

A

Piss NH4+

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37
Q

Renal response to alkalosis

A

Piss HCO3

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38
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to

A

increased urinary HCO3

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39
Q

normal pCO2

A

38-42mmHg

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40
Q

normal HCO3

A

22-25mmol/L

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41
Q

acid base disorder caused by opiods and anesthetics

A

respiratory acidosis

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42
Q

acid base disorder caused by COPD, RDS and fibrosis of the lung

A

respiratory acidosis

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43
Q

hyperventilation causes

A

respiratory alkalosis

44
Q

acid base disorder associated with diabetes

A

metabolic acidosis

45
Q

diarrhea causes

A

metabolic acidosis

46
Q

effects of Acetazolamide

A

inhibits carbonic anhydrase (metabolic acidosis)

47
Q

vomiting causes

A

metabolic alkalosis

48
Q

immediate precursor to ammonia

A

glutamine

49
Q

oxygen dissociation curve for myglogin is

A

hyperbolic ( hemoglobin is sigmoidal)

50
Q

in areas of ______ pCO2 or _____ pH, the hemoglobin curve will shift _____ and hemoglobin affinity of O2 will ______ changing the molecule to the ______ form

A

increased, lowered, right, decrease, taut

51
Q

2-3 BPG effect on Bohr curve.

A

Right shift

52
Q

Nitrates, chocolate blood and blue skin

A

Methemoglobinemia

53
Q

3 things that acetazolamide treats

A

mountain sickness, epilepsy, glaucoma

54
Q

trouble with breaking down branched chain amino acids. Name disease and amino acids

A

Maple syrup urine disease, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

55
Q

activated methionine

A

SAM ( major methyl donor for many reaction)

56
Q

how is NE changed into Epi

A

methylation by SAM

57
Q

how is L DOPA formed

A

hydroxylation of L tyrosine

58
Q

bond strength order

A

C, I, H, H, V

59
Q

used in the lab to break disulfide bonds

A

mercaptoethanol

60
Q

used in lab to break hydrophobic bonds

A

SDS

61
Q

collagen synthesis order

A

procollagen, tropocollagen, collagen

62
Q

cofactor needed for lysyl oxidase

A

copper

63
Q

cofactor needed for hydroproline

A

Vit C

64
Q

cofactore needed for lysyl hydroxylase

A

Vit C

65
Q

special cross linkages found n elastin that allow its rubber like properties

A

desmosine and isodesmosine ( desmosine gives off yellow color)

66
Q

Used to measure the severity of lung fibrosis

A

Hydroxyproline

67
Q

trypsin does its work where

A

duodenum

68
Q

pepsin works where

A

stomach

69
Q

The one kinase that is reversible

A

creatine kinase

70
Q

types of CK in the heart

A

Ck-MM (70%) Ck-MB (30%) CK-MB is the marker because its only found in the heart

71
Q

protein measured in heart damage

A

Troponin T and Troponin I

72
Q

how long is troponin elevated?

A

1 week

73
Q

how long is CK MB elevated

A

peaks at 24 and returns to normal at 48

74
Q

high AST/ALT ratio indicates

A

alcohol damage

75
Q

alcohol abuse marker

A

GGT

76
Q

marker for bile duct obstruction or liver cirrhosis

A

ALP ( alkaline phosphatase)

77
Q

marker for pancreas damage

A

b-amylase and lipase ( lipase higher in alcohol abuse)

78
Q

liver cancer marker

A

Alpha Fetal Protein (also marks ovarian and testicular cancer)

79
Q

normal LDH ratio

A

LDH-2 is normally higher that LDH-1. Flips in MI

80
Q

cardiac diad is located

A

z line

81
Q

inhibits peptidyl transferase

A

Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide

82
Q

sphingosine with fatty acid joined to its amino group is called

A

ceramide

83
Q

phosphatdylethanolamine is found inner or outer?

A

found in inner leaflet of plasma membrane

84
Q

phosphatdylcholine (lecithin) is found inner or outer

A

outer leaflet

85
Q

exposure of ______ on the outer surface of cells is an indicator of apoptosis

A

phosphatdytylserine. usually found on inner leaflet. has negative charge

86
Q

found on inner leaflet and can be phosphorylated to PIP2

A

phosphatidylinositol

87
Q

special phospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane and bacteria

A

cardiolipin

88
Q

barth syndrome cardiomyopathy

A

deficiency in cardiolipin

89
Q

provides the glycocalyx

A

glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins

90
Q

provides surfactant in the lung

A

lecithin

91
Q

provides monolayer in lipoprotein

A

lecithin

92
Q

antigenic for syphillis ( treponema pallidum)

A

cardolipin

93
Q

composition of lipid raft (modified fluid mosaic model)

A

cholesterol and sphingolipids

94
Q

cholesterol ______the fluidity close to the polar heads of lipid bilayer

A

decreases

95
Q

cells that release surfactant

A

aveolar type II

96
Q

lung maturity of the fetus is often predicted by the _______ ratio

A

lecithin/sphingomyelin

97
Q

antigenic determinant of ABO blood groups

A

sphingolipids

98
Q

cofactor for sphingolipid synthesis

A

PLP (B6)

99
Q

ceramide with more than 1 sugar

A

globoside

100
Q

neutral glycosphingolipids

A

cerebrosides (1 sugar), globoside (>1 sugar)

101
Q

20:4 omega 6

A

arachidonic acid

102
Q

20:5 omega 3

A

EPA

103
Q

22:6 omega 3

A

DHA

104
Q

18:2 omega 6

A

linoleic

105
Q

18:3 omega 3

A

a-linolenic

106
Q

shorter and unsaturated fatty acids make the membrane

A

more fluid

107
Q

esterified phospolipids are located in position ___ of glycerol backbone

A

2

Biochem Pre Midterm (8 decks)

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