Pre - midterm 2 Flashcards
What is an Ineffective health maintenance nursing diagnosis?
- Ineffective health maintenance prevents the patient from identifying, managing, or seeking help to maintain their health. Ineffective health maintenance can be the result of a patient’s lack of engaging in self-care / it can be out of their control, such as with cognitive impairment.
- (NANDA-North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) defines ineffective health maintanence as the inability to identify, manage or seek out help to maintain health.
What are the roles of nurses in health promotion?
Physical health assessment.
Lifestyle modification is a comprehensive approach for effective change in health promotion.
Inform the elderly & caregivers about the aging process, common disorders & disabilities & different services available.
Assess health needs, social, environmental & the cultural influences on health behaviors.
Psychosocial well- being.
Lifestyle patterns (hobbies, high risk behaviors, knowledge, beliefs & attitudes that affect health & wellbeing).
Assisting the elderly to cope with their delayed disabilities & impairments.
Identify social needs and environmental hazards & make necessarymodifications.
Encourage participation in social support groups.
Why is it important to use the Periodic medical examination?
To assess level of well-being of the elderly.
To detect any early signs of a disease.
To educate clients on how to promote their health.
To reinforce, promote & protect behaviors.
If the examination isdone at home, it’ll permit evaluation of environment (hazards care giver).
What are the reasons why an elderly person would be at a high risk of dehydration?
Decreased thirst sensation.
Inadequate fluid intake (required 2000-3000 cc/day).
High blood pressure medications or anti-depressants and diuretics may cause patients to sweat more.
Frail seniors have a harder time getting up to get a drink when they’re thirsty or they rely on caregivers who can’t sense that they need fluids.
As we age the body loses kidney function & is unable to conserve fluid.
Vomiting & diarrhea causing illnesses can cause dehydration in elderly people.
What are the 3 Theories of Aging?
1. Biological Theory
2. Psychosocial Theory
3. Nursing Theory
These theories are concerned with answering basic questions regarding the physiologic processes that occur in all living organisms as they chronologically age.
The main topic that is being dealt with is what causes an organism to age in the first place.
These theories generally view aging as occurring from a molecular, cellular, or even a systems point of view.
Biological theories
The biological theories can be subdivided into two main divisions:
Stochastic theories: explain aging as events that occur randomly and accumulate over time.
Non-stochastic theories: view aging as certain predetermined, timed phenomena.
Examples of Stochastic (random) theories:
1. Molecular theory:
a.) Error theory - based on the idea that errors can occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA.
b.) Somatic mutation theory - aging results from DNA damage caused by exposure to chemicals or radiation and this damage causes chromosomal abnormalities that lead to disease or loss of function later in life.
2. Cellular theories:
a.) Free radical theory - when free radicals accumulate, they damage cell membranes, DNA, and the immune system, decreasing its efficiency
b.) Cross - linkage theory - an accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes resulting in aging.
c.) Clinker theory - combines the somatic mutation, free radical, and crosslink theories, it suggests that chemicals produced by metabolism accumulate in normal cells and cause damage to body organs, such as the muscles, heart, nerves, and brain.
d.) Wear & tear theory - the body is similar to a machine, which loses function when its parts wear out.
Examples of Non - stochastic theories:
1. Programmed theory - everyone has a biological clock & that loss of cells in organs and tissues is therefore responsible for the “aging phenomenon.”
2. Gene theory - according to this theory, aging is an involuntary inherited process that happens over time to alter cellular structure.
3. Immunity Theory - lower rate of T-lymphocyte ( “killer cells” ) proliferation in response to a stimulus. As the body ages, the immune system is less able to deal with foreign organisms & increasingly makes mistakes by identifying one’s tissues as foreign (thus attacking them).
4. Environmental Theory - According to this theory, factors in the environment e.g., (industrial carcinogens, sunlight, trauma, and infection) bring about changes in the aging process.
These types of theories relate to role changes in relationships & one’s status within a culture or society, impacting an older adult’s ability to adapt.
Sociological Theories
Examples of Sociological Theories:
1. Activity Theory - maintaining an active lifestyle can have a positive effect on the way a person ages & their overall wellbeing. That means prioritizing relationships and the activities that make you happy.
2. Continuity Theory - states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors, relationships as they did in their earlier years of life.
3. Person-Environment Psychology - suggests that a mutual relationship exists between people and environments.
4. Disengagement Theory - states that “aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to”. The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society.
5. Age Stratification Theory - People born in the same cohort have similar experiences, ideologies, orientations, attitudes, and values as well as expectations regarding the timing of life transitions such as retirement and life expectancy.
6. Psychological theories - are concerned with the development of the personality or ego and the transition with the challenges associated with different life stages. Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions.
7. Life-Course / Life Span Theory - Individuals adapt to changing roles and relationships that occur throughout life, such as getting married, finishing school, completing military service, getting a job, and retiring.
8. Stages of Personality Development Theory - In nursing, Erikson’s model is often used as a framework to examine the challenges faced by different age groups.
Example of Nursing theory:
1. Theory of Successful Aging - Aging well is defined by the extent to which older adults adapt to the cumulative physical and functional changes they experience.
Gerontology is the:
study of aging and older adults.
It is the medical specialty dedicated exclusively to providing high-quality, patient-centered care for older adults.
Geriatrics
It is the condition or process of deterioration with age.
Senescence
This type of aging refers refers to the inevitable changes associated with aging. These changes include changes in the skin, hair, height, weight, hearing loss & eye disease or senescence.
Primary aging
This type of aging is caused by diseases and environmental factors, such as smoking and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. It is not natural.
Secondary aging
