Pre Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What is a myth, according to Don Cupitt?
A
In order for a story to be considered a myth, it has to pertain to nonhuman beings, religion and ritual and it must be traditional (beliefs that are shared by a group of society), as well have anonymous authorship.
2
Q
According to William R. Bascom, what 5 criteria must be met in order for a story to be considered a myth?
A
The story must be considered factual (belief), and to have taken place in the remote past (long time ago), in this world or in another. It must be sacred (religious) and featuring non-human principle characteristics.
3
Q
What is a criticism of Don Cupitt’s definition of myth?
A
May limit the definition of myth too much, as a story cannot be considered mythological unless it doesn’t have a clearly defined creator.
4
Q
What is a criticism of Bascom’s definition of myth?
A
Assumes that myths function to secure or explain sacred or religious beliefs.
5
Q
What was William G. Doty’s finding regarding classifying myth?
A
Myth cannot exist in isolation - must be part of a mythological corpus.
6
Q
What three categories did Lisa Maurizio use to classify myth?
A
Form, Content and Function.
7
Q
How did Maurizio classify myth?
A
Form: oral, written or painted, but contains metaphors and symbols
Content: religious, political, cultural meanings and values about self, society, cosmos
Function: can be related to yourself and society.
8
Q
What are Hansen’s distinctions between myth and folklore?
A
Myth - stories set in the heroic age, which are transmitted as historical fact, with the story tied to real places and people.
Folklore - fictional accounts that are used to amuse or illustrate a moral principle.
9
Q
The Greeks organized their past into three ages. What are they?
A
The Age of the Gods (myth), The Age of the Hero’s (heroic legend), The Age of the Men (history).
10
Q
Compare and contrast characteristics of stories told in the Age of the Gods versus the Age of Heroes.
A
Myths that take place in The Age of the Gods often focus on how the world came into being and creation of the cosmos, which serve to describe why life is the way it is. They are also related to the establishment of cults. Heroic legends focus more on the recent past and recount legends of great passion, ambition, talents and sometimes divine parentage (like Hercules).
11
Q
Why might the Greeks and Romans not believe their mythology fully?
A
Myth could be objected based on the immoral action of the characters within myth, or based on unexplainable things happening in myth.
12
Q
Describe a rationalist versus allegorist view of Roman and Greek mythology.
A
Rationalists - rejected the parts of myth that did not align with their lived experience (for example, didn’t believe in the Amazons because there was no such thing as a female warrior). Allegorists - viewed mythological passages as an allegory with deeper meaning.
13
Q
When did skepticism of the traditional prehistory of Greece and Rome emerge?
A
The 6th century B.C.
14
Q
What are the standard features of classical myth?
A
Polytheism, anthropomorphic deities, oral transmission.
15
Q
What were the 3 main sources of Greek mythology?
A
1 - Indo-European traditions
2 - Borrowings from local pre-Hellenic people in Greek religion (island of Crete)
3 - Borrowings from Asia Minor and the Near East (across the Aegean Sea from Greece).
16
Q
What is the classical period of Greek Mythology?
A
480-323 BCE.
17
Q
What is the Greek Hellenistic period?
A
323-31 BCE; there was a renewed interest in local and regional traditions, written transmission of Epics and hymns to the gods, with more of a subjective view.
18
Q
How long has the Roman adoption of Greek mythology been going on?
A
Since the archaic period (8th c. BCE).
19
Q
What is meant by the Latin word ‘mythos’?
A
Utterance or something someone said.
20
Q
What is meant by the ‘Homeric question’?
A
The scholarly debate surrounding the authorship and composition of the Iliad and Odyssey, such as who was Homer? Were there multiple authors?
21
Q
Who was known to recite/compose epic poetry?
A
Bards - poet-singers who would recite lyrical and epic poetry.
22
Q
What is the defining meter of Ancient Greek Epic poetry?
A
Dactylic hexameter - typically 6 metrical feet with one long syllable followed by two short. Involves repeated words and phrases as well as epithets (descriptive word or phrase to characterize a person). A good example is Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
23
Q
What are the written sources of early poetry?
A
1 - Early Greek Poetry (Epic and Lyric poetry)
2 - Hymns (prayers to the gods)
3 - Athenian playwrights
4 - Roman Poets.
24
Q
What are the written sources of prose literature?
A
1 - Mythographers
2 - Mythical handbooks
3 - Historians and biographers
4 - Philosophers
5 - Rationalists and Allegorists.
25
What are the 3 main periods of Greek and Roman mythology?
Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic.
26
What type of poetry is Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey and Hesiod’s Theogony?
Epics.
27
What type of poetry is Virgil’s Aeneid?
Roman poetry.
28
What type of literature is the Library of Apollodorus and Ovid’s Metamorphosis?
Mythical handbooks.
29
In what period did Homer and Hesiod write?
The archaic period: 750-480 BCE.
30
When were playwrights introduced?
Classical Period: 480-323 BCE.
31
Who wrote in the Hellenistic period?
Apollonius.
32
What factors impacted the creation and transmission of classical myth?
Politics, Biases, translation, cultural norms, region, source material, audience.
33
What are the four regions of the Near East?
Asia Minor (Anatolia), Mesopotamia (between two rivers), Levant, Egypt.
34
Which empire ruled Anatolia from 2000BCE to 1200BCE?
The Hittites.
35
Who were the Phrygians and how are they related to the transmission of Greek mythology?
They were an ancient people from Anatolia. They are mentioned in Homer’s Iliad as allies of Troy in the Trojan war. Furthermore, they are responsible for the development of cults or shipping the god Cybele in Greece.
36
Ancient myths from The Hittites are related to what Greek and Roman myth?
Hesiod’s Theogony.
37
What three peoples originated in Levant? How did they contribute to the development of Greek myth?
The Syro-Canaanites, Phoenicians and the Israelites. The Syro-Canaanites spread their religion to the Phoenicians who spread it through the Mediterranean. The Israelites remained mono-theistic; however, there are still similarities in Greek and Hebrew narratives.
38
Where and by whom was the Enuma Elish created?
Created by the Babylonians in Mesopotamia.
39
How are the Sumerians related to the Babylonians?
The Sumerians were the earliest settlers of Babylon, who were defeated by the Akkadian King Sargon. The Sumerians are ancestors of the Babylonians and adopted their language.
40
Which creation and foundational myths of the Near East share similarities with Hesiod’s Theogony?
Hittite Kingship in Heaven, Egyptian myths about Osiris, Horus and Set, Enuma Elish (when on high), and the Genesis in the Hebrew Bible.
41
Within the Enuma Elish, Apsu is a doting father - true or false?
False - Apsu wants to get rid of his children so he can sleep.
42
What is a theogony versus a cosmogony?
A theogony describes the birth of the gods whereas a cosmogony describes the creation of the cosmos.
43
What is the first generation that emerges in Hesiod’s Theogony? From where do they emerge?
From chaos/the void/nothingness emerges Gaia (the earth), Tartaros (the underworld) and Eros (sexual attraction) - aka the first generation. From the chaos also came Erebos (darkness) and night who together produced day.
44
What primordial beings were created from Gaia herself according to Hesiod’s Theogony?
Ouranos (sky), Mountains and the Sea.
45
Who does Gaia mate with to produce the titans, cyclopes and the hecatonchires?
Technically her son, Ouranos (sky).
46
Which titans are responsible for the origin of the Olympian gods?
Rheia and Cronos (brother and sister, as well as lovers).
47
Which gods were produced by Rheia and Cronos? Are they all Olympians?
Hestia and Hades (both technically not Olympians), Demeter, Poseidon, Hera and Zeus.
48
What class of Gods are the most anthropomorphic?
The Olympians.
49
In the Enuma Elish, both Apsu and Tiamat are said to be entities of water. Why is water so important to them?
Because the Enuma Elish was made in Mesopotamia - which was between two rivers. Thus water is a very large part of their life.
50
In the Enuma Elish, who is responsible for creating order in the world?
Marduk.
51
Who is responsible for the production of the first generation of Olympians?
Rheia and Cronos.
52
Which gods were born from Rheia and Cronos?
Hestia, Hades, Zeus, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera.
53
According to Hesiod’s Theogony, what was the origin of Aphrodite? How is this connected to the larger myth?
According to Hesiod’s Theogony, Aphrodite was born from sea foam and the testicles of Ouranos. Ouranos acted to suppress his children, to which Cronos decides to fight him by cutting off his genitals after which, he throws them into the ocean.
54
In Hesiod’s Theogony, how does Cronos treat his children? What happens to Zeus?
Cronos has a fear that his children will overthrow him. In an effort to stop this, he eats 5/6 of his children. Zeus gets away because Rheia gives Cronos a stone to eat in place of Zeus and hides Zeus on the island of Crete.
55
What common themes are presented in the Enuma Elish as well as Hesiod’s Theogony?
Older gods are often found to suppress their offspring, younger gods overthrow older gods, mothers birth monsters to defeat younger generations, the universe becomes more ordered/structured, home on earth is developed for the gods, male succession.
56
Why are the Enuma Elish and Hesiod’s Theogony so similar?
Stories and poetry circulated orally and likely inspired Hesiod’s account.
57
What type of work is Virgil’s Aeneid?
National Roman Epic.
58
For how long have the Romans been adopting and adapting Greek mythology?
Since the Archaic period (8th c. BCE).
59
What year was the founding of Rome?
753 BCE.
60
How did Romulus populate Rome (according to mythology)?
Populated Rome with criminals and Sabine women - they were invited to watch a festival and athletic contests during which they abducted the Sabine daughters. The war only ended after the Sabine women began rearing children.
61
How did the Romans connect the founding of Rome (myth) to earlier Greek mythology?
Primarily through the figure of Aeneas (son of Aphrodite) - a Trojan hero from Homer’s Iliad. Aeneas was said to have fled the destruction of Troy (after battling heroically), gone to Italy and established a lineage that culminated in Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome - as stated in Virgil's Aeneid. This connected to the Heroic Age of Greece, establishing its divine destiny.
62
Who is Aeneas’ mother?
Aphrodite.
63
There are 7 hills in Rome. Which is of the most significance and why?
Palatine hill is said to be the place where Romulus and Remus were nurtured by a she-wolf and later where Romulus founded Rome after killing his brother Remus.
64
Where are Romulus and Remus from? Why did they leave?
Romulus and Remus were twin sons of Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, and Mars (Ares), the god of war. Their uncle, King Amulius, had usurped the throne of Alba Longa from their grandfather, Numitor, and ordered the twins to be drowned in the Tiber River to secure his rule. However, they survived, were nursed by a she-wolf, and later raised by a shepherd named Faustulus and his wife. As adults, they discovered their royal heritage, overthrew Amulius, and restored Numitor to power. The twins then left Alba Longa to found their own city near the Palatine Hill. A dispute over the city’s location and leadership led Romulus to kill Remus. Romulus became the sole founder of Rome in 753 BCE, naming it after himself.
65
In what cave were Romulus and Remus raised by the she-wolf?
Lupercal.
66
Who was Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro)?
Publius Vergilius Maro, commonly known as Virgil (or Vergil), was a Roman poet born on October 15, 70 BCE, in northern Italy. He is best known for three major works: the Eclogues (pastoral poetry), the Georgics (on agriculture), and the Aeneid (national epic).
67
Who founded Rome?
Romulus became the sole founder of Rome in 753 BCE, naming it after himself.
68
In what cave were Romulus and Remus raised by the she-wolf?
Lupercal
69
Who was Virgil?
Publius Vergilius Maro, commonly known as Virgil, was a Roman poet born on October 15, 70 BCE, in northern Italy. He is best known for three major works: the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid.
70
What is the Aeneid?
The Aeneid is an epic that tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero and ancestor of Rome’s founders, Romulus and Remus. It served as a national epic, celebrating Rome’s divine destiny and cultural heritage.
71
What type of work is the Aeneid?
National Epic of Rome
72
73
How was the story of Augustus connected to the story of Aeneas?
Augustus is connected to the story of Aeneas through Virgil’s Aeneid, which establishes Augustus as a direct descendant of Aeneas, thereby linking him to the divine and heroic origins of Rome. This genealogical connection legitimized Augustus’s rule by framing him as the culmination of Rome’s divine destiny.
74
How did the Romans connect their foundational myth to earlier Greek mythology?
They connected Romulus and Remus back to the Trojan hero Aeneas, who escaped Troy with his father and son, traveling to Italy to found Lavinium. His son Lulus founded Alba Longa, and Romulus and Remus are the last in the royal line from Alba Longa.
75
What was Virgil accused of?
Writing propaganda for Augustus during the Augustan era to promote his rule.
76
What is the difference between a theos and a Daemon?
A Theos is a full status god like an Olympian, while a Daemon is a supernatural being like nymphs or spirits.
77
What does it mean to say the gods were Athanatos?
It means they were deathless.
78
What do the gods eat and drink?
Nectar and Ambrosia.
79
What is the term for the blood of the gods?
Ichor.
80
The 12 Olympian gods are from Olympia - true or false?
False, the Olympian gods are said to have lived on Mount Olympus.
81
Who was the daughter of Demeter and Zeus?
Persephone.
82
Who were the children of Zeus and Hera?
Ares, Hephaestus, Hebe, Eileithyia, Enyo, and Eris.
83
Which of Zeus and Hera’s children became Olympians?
Ares and Hephaestus.
84
How does the origin of Hephaestus change between Hesiod’s Theogony and Homer’s Iliad?
According to Hesiod, Hera bore Hephaestus on her own in revenge for Athena's birth. According to the Iliad, Hephaestus was the child of both Hera and Zeus.
85
Who was Zeus’ first wife? Who did they bore?
Métis - bore Athena.
86
What is the myth of the origin of Athena - according to Hesiod and Homer?
According to Hesiod, Zeus swallowed Métis and Athena was birthed from his head. According to Homer, Athena emerged fully grown from Zeus's head.
87
Who was the mother of Apollo and Artemis?
Leto.
88
What was the story of the birth of Apollo and Artemis?
Leto was banned from giving birth on solid ground by Hera, so she labored until reaching an island (Delos) where she could give birth.
89
What is the origin story of Hermes?
Zeus got together with Maia, the daughter of Atlas. Hermes invented the lyre and stole Apollo’s cattle all within a day.
90
Who is the mother of Dionysus?
Semele, the mortal daughter of King Cadmos of Thebes.
91
What happened to Semele and how was Dionysus born?
Hera tricked Semele into asking Zeus to reveal himself in his divine form, causing her death. Zeus saved the unborn Dionysus by sewing him into his thigh until he was ready to be born.
92
Why does Dionysus have the epithet of 'twice-born'?
Because his mother was killed by Zeus’s lightning and Dionysus was saved by Zeus and reborn from his thigh.
93
How is Dionysus portrayed in art during his birth?
Dionysus is always being birthed out of Zeus’ thigh, and Hermes is always there.
94
Dionysus is the god of...?
Wine, fertility, and festivity.
95
Dionysus takes the place of which Olympian?
Hestia.
96
Why is Hermes always displayed with Dionysus in art?
Hermes was tasked with safeguarding Dionysus from Hera’s wrath after his birth.
97
What are the repeated story features of the Olympian gods?
Female goddesses are born fully formed, and Hera is almost always jealous and punishes Zeus’ partners.
98
What is the Roman name for Zeus?
Jupiter.
99
Describe Zeus’ iconography.
Zeus is depicted with a beard, thunderbolts, birds, an Igis, seated on a throne, and wearing a crown of olive branches.
100
What is an Igis?
A defensive garment robe with snakes.
101
What are Zeus’ timai?
Weather, Oaths, Xenia (guest-friendship), retributive justice.
102
What is meant by Zeus Brontios?
Zeus the thunderer.
103
What is meant by Zeus Horkios?
Zeus the Oath Keeper.
104
What is meant by Zeus Soter?
Zeus the Saviour.
105
Which of Zeus’ cult titles are associated with geography?
Zeus Ammon and Zeus Nemea.
106
How many of the Olympian gods did Zeus produce? Name them.
6 - Athena, Apollo, Hermes, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Ares.
107
List Zeus’ mortal offspring.
King Minor, Helen of Troy, Perseus, Hercules.
108
How does Zeus present himself to Europa, mother of King Minor?
As a bull.
109
How does Zeus present himself to Leda, mother of Helen of Troy?
As a swan.
110
How did Zeus become king of the cosmos?
Zeus overthrew Cronus and defeated the Titans in a ten-year war known as the Titanomachy.
111
What was the Omphalos Stone?
Rhea offered Cronos the stone to eat instead of Zeus, saving him.
112
What mountain is thrown upon Typhon by Zeus?
Mt. Etna.
113
What is meant by Zeus Philius?
Guardian of friendship.
114
What is meant by Zeus Polius?
Guardian of the City.
115
Who is worshipped at the cult of Delphi?
Pythian Apollo.
116
What are the Timai of Apollo?
Archery, mousike (music, song, dance, poetry), truth and prophecy, healing and protection.
117
What is meant by Phoebus Apollo?
'bright', 'pure' Apollo.
118
What is meant by Apollo Pythios?
Referring to his cult in Delphi.
119
What is meant by Apollo Nomios?
Apollo the herdsman.
120
What is meant by Apollo Belenus?
Bright or brilliant Apollo.
121
Describe the iconography of Apollo.
The lyre represents music mastery, the laurel wreath signifies victory, and the bow and arrow highlight his dual nature as healer and bringer of disease.
122
What is the Roman name for Hermes?
Mercury.
123
What are the Timai of Hermes?
Chthonic associations, roads and boundaries, travellers and sailors, trade/commerce, messages, shepherds.
124
What is meant by Hermes Argeiphontes?
Slayer of Argus.
125
What is meant by Hermes Hodios?
Patron of travellers.
126
What is meant by Hermes Psychopompos?
Conveyer of souls.
127
What is meant by Hermes Doilos?
Tricky.
128
Describe Hermes’ iconography.
Winged Sandals symbolize swiftness, Caduceus represents his role as messenger, and Winged Hat emphasizes speed.
129
What is the Roman name for Hera?
Juno.
130
What are Hera’s timai?
Marriage, protector of women, queen of the gods.
131
Describe Hera’s iconography.
Matronly figure, covered head, scepter/crown, sometimes depicted with a peacock.
132
What are the timai of Aphrodite?
Love, pleasure and procreation, beauty.
133
What is meant by Aphrodite Anaduomene?
Rising out of the sea.
134
What is meant by Aphrodite Cupria or cupris?
Referring to Cyprus, her birthplace.
135
What is meant by Aphrodite symmachia?
Ally in love.
136
What is meant by Aphrodite Paphia?
Paphos, Cyprus - place of her worship.
137
Who were Aphrodite’s Sumerian and Babylonian counterparts?
Inanna and Ishtar.
138
Why/how was Aphrodite associated with war?
Her warlike associations stem from Near Eastern origins where goddesses embodied both love and war.
139
What is the myth of Aphrodite and Anchises?
Zeus, angered by Aphrodite’s habit of making gods fall in love with mortals, caused her to fall for Anchises, who was tending sheep on Mount Ida. Disguising herself as a Phrygian princess, Aphrodite seduced Anchises, and they conceived a son, Aeneas, destined to become a Trojan hero and ancestor of Rome’s founders.
After their union, Aphrodite revealed her divine identity and warned Anchises not to disclose their relationship. However, Anchises bragged about it, prompting Zeus to punish him with a thunderbolt that either crippled or blinded him. This myth highlights themes of divine power, mortal hubris, and the interplay between gods and humans.
140
What is the story of Aphrodite and Hippolytus? Who wrote it?
The myth of Aphrodite and Hippolytus, as dramatized in Euripides’ tragedy Hippolytus, revolves around vengeance and tragic consequences. Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, devotes himself to Artemis, the goddess of chastity, and scorns Aphrodite, rejecting love and desire. Offended by his disdain, Aphrodite curses Phaedra, Theseus’ wife and Hippolytus’ stepmother, to fall in love with him.
Phaedra struggles with her feelings but ultimately confesses them to her nurse. When Hippolytus reacts with disgust, Phaedra hangs herself, leaving a note falsely accusing him of assault.
Written as a play by Euripides.
141
What is the significance of the Anemone flower?
Anemones sprang from Aphrodite’s tears as she mourned Adonis’s death.
142
What is the story of Adonis and Aphrodite?
The myth of Aphrodite and Adonis is a tale of love, jealousy, and tragedy. Adonis, born from the incestuous union of Myrrha and her father, was a mortal of extraordinary beauty. Aphrodite fell deeply in love with him and entrusted his care to Persephone. However, when Adonis matured, Persephone refused to return him, leading to a dispute resolved by Zeus. Adonis was to spend part of the year with each goddess, symbolizing the cycle of seasons.
Tragically, Adonis was killed by a wild boar during a hunt—sent either by a jealous Ares or Artemis seeking revenge. As he died in Aphrodite’s arms, his blood mixed with her tears, creating the anemone flower. The story reflects themes of life, death, and rebirth and inspired rituals like the “Adonia” festival.
The myth was notably retold by Roman poet Ovid in Metamorphoses
143
What do anemone flowers symbolize?
Anemones sprang from Aphrodite’s tears as she mourned Adonis’s death, symbolizing romantic passion and tragic love.
144
What is the story of Adonis and Aphrodite?
The story of Adonis and Aphrodite is one of love, jealousy, and tragedy in Greek mythology. Adonis, a mortal of extraordinary beauty, was loved by both Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Persephone, queen of the underworld. As a baby, Adonis was hidden in a chest by Aphrodite and entrusted to Persephone for safekeeping. When Persephone saw his beauty, she refused to return him. Zeus intervened, decreeing that Adonis would spend part of the year with Aphrodite, part with Persephone, and the rest wherever he chose. Adonis always chose to be with Aphrodite. Adonis was passionate about hunting, despite Aphrodite’s warnings about its dangers. One day, he was fatally gored by a wild boar—sent by either a jealous Ares or Persephone—and died in Aphrodite’s arms. Overcome with grief, she caused anemone flowers to bloom from his blood as a memorial to their love. Zeus later allowed Adonis to return from the underworld each spring, symbolizing rebirth and the cycle of nature.
145
What is the iconography of Aphrodite?
Dove: Symbolizes love and peace; sacred to Aphrodite. Mirror: Represents beauty, self-admiration, and vanity. Rose: Associated with love and beauty; mythically linked to her tears and Adonis’s blood. Seashell: Reflects her birth from sea foam; famously depicted in Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus.
146
What are the Timai of Athena?
Wisdom, tactical warfare, weaving and pottery, patron of Athens.
147
What is meant by Parthenos Athena?
Virgin Athena.
148
Which cult titles does Athena share with Zeus?
Xenia - of guest friendships and Polias - protector of the city.
149
What is the myth of Arachne and Athena?
The myth of Arachne and Athena is a cautionary tale about hubris and respect for the gods. Arachne, a mortal woman from Lydia, was renowned for her extraordinary weaving skills. Her work was so exquisite that people believed her talent was a gift from Athena, the goddess of wisdom and crafts. However, Arachne arrogantly denied this, claiming her skill surpassed even Athena’s. Offended by this boast, Athena disguised herself as an old woman to warn Arachne to show humility. When Arachne refused and mocked the goddess, Athena revealed her true form and challenged her to a weaving contest. Both wove magnificent tapestries. Athena’s depicted the gods in their glory, while Arachne’s portrayed their flaws and misdeeds, such as Zeus’s infidelities. Though Arachne’s work was flawless, its content enraged Athena. In one version of the myth, Athena destroyed Arachne’s tapestry and struck her in anger. Overcome with shame or guilt, Arachne hanged herself. Out of pity—or as punishment—Athena transformed her into a spider, condemning her to weave forever.
150
What is Athena's typical iconography?
Owl: Symbolizes wisdom, knowledge, and foresight; often depicted alongside Athena. Olive Tree: Represents peace, prosperity, and civilization; tied to her gift to Athens during its founding myth. Aegis: A protective shield or breastplate adorned with the Gorgon’s head (Medusa), symbolizing divine authority and protection. Helmet and Spear: Emphasize her martial prowess and role as a strategic warrior. Armor: Reflects her status as a goddess of war. Snakes: Associated with protection.
151
What do Athena and Artemis have in common that Aphrodite doesn’t?
They are virgin goddesses.
152
What are the timai of Artemis?
She is the goddess of children and childbirth as well as hunting and wild animals.
153
How are the timai of Artemis related to women in Greek and Roman society?
Women were viewed as wild animals which needed to be domesticated by a husband - once they were married, Artemis was no longer their protector.
154
What is meant by Artemis Agrotera?
of the hunt.
155
What is meant by Artemis Philomeirax?
Friend of young girls.
156
What is the theme when Artemis interacts with humans?
punishment.
157
What is the short story of the Sacrifice of Iphigenia?
The myth of Artemis and Agamemnon centers around a pivotal moment before the Trojan War. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, angers the goddess Artemis by either killing a sacred deer or boasting about his hunting skills. In retaliation, Artemis halts the winds, preventing the Greek fleet from sailing to Troy. The seer Calchas reveals that the only way to appease Artemis is for Agamemnon to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia.
Agamemnon reluctantly agrees and deceives Iphigenia and her mother, Clytemnestra, by claiming she is to marry Achilles. Upon arriving at Aulis, Iphigenia learns the truth. In some versions, she willingly accepts her fate for the greater good, but in others, Artemis intervenes at the last moment, replacing her with a deer and whisking her away to serve as a priestess in Tauris
158
What is the story of Callisto and Artemis?
Callisto was a follower of Artemis, however, when she loses her virginity to Zeus, Artemis is displeased and turns her into a bear constellation.
159
What happens in the myth of The Daughters of Niobe?
Niobe boasts about being a better child-bearer than Leto (Apollo and Artemis’ mother). Artemis kills her 7 daughters, while Apollo kills her 7 sons.
160
What is the myth of The Boar of Kalydon?
Kalydon doesn’t properly worship Artemis, and so she sends a boar to ravage the city.
161
What is the myth of Artemis and Actaeon?
Actaeon, a skilled hunter, accidentally stumbled upon the goddess Artemis (known as Diana in Roman mythology) while she was bathing with her nymphs. Enraged by this violation of her privacy, Artemis transformed Actaeon into a stag. Unable to speak or explain himself, he fled into the woods, where his own hunting dogs failed to recognize him and tore him apart.
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How is Artemis often depicted in art?
Bow and arrows, Quiver, hunting spears, torch, lyre (Apollo), deer-skin cape, head-coverage, sometimes with a deer or stag.
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Which goddesses was Artemis associated with in Anatolia?
Mother goddess - Cybele.
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What is the Roman counterpart of Artemis?
Diana.
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What are the three forms of Diana Triformis?
Diana (huntress), Luna (moon), Hecate (underworld).
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Why did Zeus and Poseidon give up their pursuit of Thetis?
They abandoned their pursuit because of a prophecy that stated Thetis’s son would be more powerful than his father.
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Who was Peleus, and what was his connection to Thetis?
Peleus was a mortal hero chosen by Zeus to marry Thetis, a sea nymph.
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What challenge did Peleus face in marrying Thetis, and how did he overcome it?
Thetis could shapeshift to avoid marriage. Peleus, guided by Chiron, ambushed her while she was asleep and held onto her despite her transformations into various forms like fire and wild animals.
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Where did the wedding of Peleus and Thetis take place, and who attended?
The wedding took place on Mount Pelion and was attended by most of the gods.
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What gifts did Peleus and Thetis receive at their wedding?
They received immortal horses from Poseidon and a spear crafted by Hephaestus, among other gifts.
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Who was not invited to the wedding, and what did she do in retaliation?
Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited. In retaliation, she threw a golden apple inscribed “to the fairest” among the goddesses.
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What was the inscription on the golden apple, and what did it cause?
The inscription was “to the fairest.” It caused a dispute among Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, leading to the Judgment of Paris.
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Who was born from the marriage of Peleus and Thetis?
Achilles, one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology, was born from their marriage.
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What was the ultimate consequence of the events at Peleus and Thetis’ wedding?
The Judgment of Paris, which stemmed from the golden apple incident at the wedding, ultimately led to the Trojan War.
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Why did Eris disrupt the wedding of Peleus and Thetis?
Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited to the wedding. In revenge, she threw a golden apple inscribed “To the fairest” among the guests, causing a dispute between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite.
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Why did Zeus refuse to judge the goddesses’ beauty?
Zeus avoided making a decision to prevent angering two powerful goddesses. Instead, he appointed Paris, a Trojan prince, as the judge.
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What did each goddess offer Paris as a bribe?
• Hera promised him power and kingship over all lands. • Athena offered wisdom and military prowess. • Aphrodite promised him the love of the most beautiful mortal woman, Helen of Sparta.
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Which goddess did Paris choose and why?
Paris chose Aphrodite because her bribe—Helen’s love—appealed most to him.
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What were the consequences of Paris’s choice?
Helen, already married to Menelaus, was taken to Troy by Paris (in some versions abducted, in others willingly). This act enraged Menelaus and led to the Greeks launching the Trojan War to retrieve Helen of Troy.
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Did women in Greek society have a political role?
no, they were not considered citizens.
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Why did women marry young in Greek society?
to give more time for them to bear children.
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Why did the father pay the husband a dowry when marrying his daughter?
Because women were viewed as purely consumers, not contributors.
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Why was divorce so difficult for women in Greek and Roman society?
Because in order to get divorced, their father would have to negotiate the financial terms of the dowry with their husband.
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What happened if a woman committed adultery?
they were heavily disgraced - but technically could not be bound to law because they were not citizens, but the legitimacy of their children were called into question.
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Women were generally expected to stay at home. How could they get out into society?
by taking on a religious role - such as priestess.
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What were the domestic ritual responsibilities of women? Why?
Women were in charge of all the rituals involving miasma (contamination) such as births, marriage and death - all of which involved the shedding of blood. Women did this because they were considered to be already dirty because of menstruation.
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How were women viewed in Greek society?
they were viewed as deviants with no self control who could not be trusted. They were vessels for the male egg and wild animals until marriage.
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How do women show up in myth?
they either conform to the cultural ideals of women or deviate from them like Athena and Artemis.
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How were Dionysus and Semele made immortal?
Dionysus was made immortal at birth because he was the son of Zeus. After his mortal mother, Semele, was consumed by Zeus’ lightning when she demanded to see him in his divine form, Zeus saved the unborn Dionysus by sewing him into his thigh until he was ready to be born, thus granting him immortality upon birth. Semele, initially mortal, was later made immortal by Dionysus. He descended into the Underworld, rescued her, and brought her to Mount Olympus. There, she was granted immortality and became known as Thyone.
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After Hermes rescued Dionysus, where did he take him to be raised?
Mount Nysa - which is why his name is Dionysus.
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What do Linear B tablets from Pylos and Crete reveal about Dionysus?
He was worshipped much earlier than the other Olympian gods - as early as 2000 BCE.
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What are the Timai of Dionysus?
Wine, intoxication, merriment, fertility (crops), theatre.
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What was a Kylix?
A Ancient Greek drinking cup.
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What is meant by Dionysus staphylites?
of the grape.
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What is meant by Dionysus Theoinos?
of the wine.
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What was meant by Dionysus eiraphiotes?
Insown - reference to origin.
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What was meant by Dionysus dimetor?
twice-born - reference to his origin.
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With who did Dionysus travel?
supernatural celebrants: satyrs and maenads.
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What were maenads?
took the form of women, imbued with Dionysus’ power (typically in a frenzied, drunken state).
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What was the myth of King Midas of Phrygia and Dionysus?
The myth of King Midas and Dionysus revolves around greed and its consequences. Midas, the king of Phrygia, treated Silenus, the satyr companion of Dionysus, with great hospitality after finding him drunk and lost. As a reward, Dionysus granted Midas one wish. The king wished for the ability to turn everything he touched into gold, a gift that quickly became a curse when food, drink, and even his daughter turned to gold. Desperate, Midas begged Dionysus to reverse the wish. The god instructed him to bathe in the Pactolus River, which washed away the curse and left gold deposits in the river’s sands. This myth highlights the dangers of unchecked greed and the value of humility and repentance.
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Who did Dionysus marry?
Ariadne.
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What happens in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus?
The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus (Hymn 7) recounts the story of Dionysus’ encounter with a group of pirates. Disguised as a handsome youth, Dionysus is kidnapped by the pirates, who plan to ransom him. However, their attempts to bind him fail, as the ropes fall away. The helmsman recognizes Dionysus as a god and warns the crew to release him, but the captain ignores the advice. As punishment, Dionysus reveals his divine power: vines and grapes grow on the ship, and he transforms into a lion while summoning a bear. Terrified, the pirates leap overboard and are turned into dolphins. Only the helmsman is spared and rewarded for his reverence. The hymn concludes with praise for Dionysus, highlighting his divine authority and power over mortals.
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What is some common iconography of Dionysus?
typically seen with a grape-vine, an ivy crown, accompanied by satyrs and maenads, seen with a drinking cup (kantharos), or with wild eastern animals, like panthers or lions.
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What are the timai of Demeter?
Grain and agriculture, fertility and nourishment, Eleusinian mysteries.
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Where does the term cereal come from?
one of Demeter’s Roman cult titles (ceres) meaning grain or wheat.
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What is meant by Demeter Chthonia?
of the earth.
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How did the Eleusinian Mystery cult originate, according to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter?
According to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the cult began when Demeter, disguised as a mortal, arrived in Eleusis while searching for her daughter. She revealed her divine identity to the royal family.
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Where does the term cereal come from?
one of Demeter’s Roman cult titles (ceres) meaning grain or wheat
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What is meant by Demeter Chthonia?
of the earth
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How did the Eleusinian Mystery cult originate, according to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter?
According to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the cult began when Demeter, disguised as a mortal, arrived in Eleusis while searching for her daughter. She revealed her divine identity to the royal family and taught them secret rites, forming the basis of the Mysteries. These rituals symbolized themes of loss, renewal, and the promise of a better afterlife.
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What is the iconography of Demeter?
Crow and scepter, cornucopia or wheat, torch (from searching for Persephone), Persephone or Triptolemos
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Who was Triptolemou?
Triptolemus became a key figure in the Eleusinian Mysteries, serving as one of Demeter’s first priests and helping to propagate her sacred rites. Also the being through which Demeter introduced agriculture to humans.
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What are the timai of Persephone?
queen of the underworld, spring and growth, Eleusinian mysteries
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What is meant by Persephone parthanos?
virgin - before she was abducted by Hades
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How is Persephone typically portrayed in art?
young woman, crown, holding sheafs of grain, flaming torch, often seen with Demeter, Hades and Triptolemos
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What are the timai of Hades?
God of the underworld, hidden wealth
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What is meant by Hades Plouton?
Hades of Wealth
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What is meant by Zeus Chthonios?
Zeus’ earthly equivalent
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How is Hades typically portrayed in art?
Looks a lot like Zeus and Poseidon, bearded, holding a staff with a bird on top, sometimes with a crown or on a throne
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What happens in the Homeric hymn to Demeter?
Originally, Zeus gifts Persephone to Hades, without Demeter’s knowledge. As Persephone is gathering wildflowers in a field, the earth gapes open and swallows her into the underworld. After Persephone is abducted, Demeter is beside herself with grief. She searches 9 days and 9 nights with a torch for Persephone. Helios, then tells Demeter where Persephone is. Disguised as an old woman, Demeter wanders the earth and eventually stays in Eleusis, where she attempts to immortalize a child but is interrupted. She commands the construction of a shrine there and retreats in mourning, causing a global famine as she neglects her agricultural duties. Zeus, alarmed by the threat to humanity, sends Hermes to negotiate Persephone’s return. However, because Persephone eats pomegranate seeds in the underworld, she must spend one-third of the year with Hades and the rest with her mother.
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How is the Homeric Hymn to Demeter an explanatory/aetiological story?
This myth explains the origin of the seasons: winter reflects Demeter’s sorrow during Persephone’s absence, while spring and summer mark their joyful reunion.
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What are the five ages of mankind according to Hesiod’s Works and Days?
The first is the golden age in which humans were created. In this age humans didn’t have to work and they didn’t get old. The second is the Silver Age which can perhaps be thought of as the age of innocence where humans would spend the first 100 years as an infant and then rapidly get old and die. Zeus destroyed these ones for not serving him properly. The third is the Bronze Age in which Zeus created the 3rd generation of man. This generation was consumed with fighting, so much so that Zeus didn’t even have to bother killing them off. The fourth is the Heroic age - this is known as the race before the present one, consisting of a fine race of semi-divine beings. The fifth and current race is the Iron Age - the age of man. In this age men work and suffer.
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How did Hesiod feel about being born in the Bronze Age?
He hated it and wished he had been born earlier or later.
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What 5 conditions must be met in order for someone to be considered a hero?
1 - must have been understood to have died
2 - Performed Extraordinary deeds (don't need to be moral)
3 - Died prematurely, violently or mysteriously
4 - Was worshipped at their gravesite
5 - Immortalized in song and cult
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Where were Hero shrines typically located?
At the centre of a city, or along the borders
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In what three genres of literature talk about heroes in myth?
Epics, Lyric poetry, tragedy
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How does a hero’s story in myth differ between its genres?
In Epic and lyric poetry, heroes are dynamic figures, often highlighting their splendor or exploits. In tragedy, heroes navigate problems in their cities, houses, or communities.
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Who were the tragedy playwrights designed to resonate with?
Soldiers that had fought in battle and now returned home
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What is the main source of myth we know about Achilles?
Homer's Iliad
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Who were Achilles’ parents?
A sea nymph Thetis and a mortal, Peleus (king of the Myrmidons)
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Thetis was happy to marry Peleus - true or false?
False. Thetis was not happy to be marrying Peleus and tried to resist by constantly shapeshifting.
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What is the prophecy of Achilles? What does Thetis do in response?
It was prophesied that Achilles would die if he went into battle. Thetis tried to burn or boil out Achilles’ immortality or dipped him into the river Styx by his heel.
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Who, other than Thetis, is known to burn immortality out of children?
Demeter
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Who primarily raises Achilles?
Peleus
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To whom does Peleus send Achilles off to when he’s old enough?
Centaur Chiron - famous for his wisdom and teaching heroes
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What is the opening word of Homer's Iliad?
Anger (menis)
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Describe what happens in the Iliad.
1. The Quarrel Between Achilles and Agamemnon: The story begins in the ninth year of the Trojan War. Agamemnon refuses to return Chryseis (daughter of one of Apollo’s priests), angering Apollo, who sends a plague on the Achaean army. To appease Apollo, Agamemnon agrees to return Chryseis but takes Achilles’ prize, Briseis, as compensation. Achilles, insulted and enraged, withdraws from the war with his Myrmidon warriors.
2. Zeus Intervenes: Achilles asks his mother, Thetis, to persuade Zeus to favor the Trojans as revenge against Agamemnon. Zeus agrees, tipping the balance of the war in favor of Troy.
3. The Achaeans Struggle Without Achilles: Without Achilles, the Achaeans suffer heavy losses. Key leaders like Diomedes and Odysseus are wounded. Hector, the Trojan prince and greatest warrior, leads a successful assault on the Achaeans and threatens their ships.
4. Patroclus Enters the Battle: Patroclus, Achilles’ close friend, dons Achilles’ armor to inspire the Achaeans. Patroclus fights valiantly but is ultimately killed by Hector.
5. Achilles Returns to Battle: Devastated by Patroclus’s death, Achilles reconciles with Agamemnon and rejoins the war. He receives new armor forged by Hephaestus at Thetis’s request.
6. The Death of Hector: Achilles confronts Hector outside Troy’s walls in a dramatic duel. Hector is killed by Achilles, who desecrates his body by dragging it behind his chariot.
7. Priam’s Plea for Hector’s Body: Priam, Hector’s father and king of Troy, bravely visits Achilles’ camp to beg for his son’s body. Moved by Priam’s grief, Achilles returns Hector’s body for a proper burial.
8. The End of the Iliad: The poem concludes with Hector’s funeral rites. The fall of Troy occurs later in Greek mythology.
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How are the traits of Heroine different than the traits of heroes?
All 5 criteria are the same, except that the extraordinary deeds performed by heroines often involve enduring physical or sexual violence, with a more moral aspect. Additionally, their deaths were less uncommon and more frequently involved taking their own life.
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How were heroines worshipped?
At shrines, but they were most often worshipped alongside male figures.
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In what form of myth transmission were heroines typically spoken of? Why?
Tragedies and comedies, because these were based in cities or households which allowed for more female characters.
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Who are the parents of Medea?
King Aeetes (son of Helios) and Hecate (goddess of magic and spells)
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What is the story of Medea, Jason and the Golden Fleece?
Jason’s Quest for the Golden Fleece: Jason, seeking to reclaim his rightful throne from his uncle Pelias, is tasked with retrieving the Golden Fleece from Colchis. He assembles the Argonauts and sails on the Argo.
Medea’s Assistance in Colchis: Medea, a sorceress and daughter of King Aeëtes, falls in love with Jason and helps him complete impossible tasks set by her father.
Escape from Colchis: Medea betrays her family to flee with Jason, killing her brother Apsyrtus to delay her father’s pursuit.
Return to Iolcus and Pelias’ Death: Medea tricks Pelias’ daughters into killing their father, resulting in his death.
Exile to Corinth: Outraged by Pelias’ murder, the people of Iolcus exile Jason and Medea to Corinth.
Jason’s Betrayal: Jason abandons Medea to marry Glauce, seeking political advancement.
Medea’s Revenge: Medea plots revenge, sending Glauce a poisoned robe and diadem, killing both her and King Creon.
Infanticide and Escape: To cause Jason unbearable pain, Medea murders their children and escapes in a chariot pulled by dragons.
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What were the three tasks King Aeetes demands Jason perform before receiving the Golden Fleece? How does Medea help him with each task?
1 - He must kill a fire-breathing oxen (Medea gives him magical herbs to block him from the flames)
2 - Soldiers rising from the dead and attacking him (Medea tells him to throw a rock into the center of them, causing them to attack each other)
3 - A dragon guarding the Golden Fleece (Medea gives the dragon herbs that put him to sleep)
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Where is Medea said to be in death?
Medea marries Achilles and lives with him on the island of Elysium (of the blessed)
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What happens in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo?
Delian Apollo (Apollo’s Birth)
• Leto, pursued by Hera, seeks a place to give birth.
• Delos agrees to host her in exchange for Apollo’s shrine.
• Apollo is born on Delos, becoming a powerful god associated with music, prophecy, and archery.
Pythian Apollo (Establishment of the Oracle)
• Apollo searches for a site for his oracle, rejecting Telphousa’s advice.
• He slays the serpent Python at Delphi, claiming the site for himself.
• Apollo recruits Cretan sailors as priests by transforming into a dolphin and guiding their ship to Delphi.
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What happens in the Homeric hymn to Hermes?
Birth and Early Mischief:
• Hermes, born to Zeus and Maia, is a cunning and mischievous god from birth.
• He invents the lyre by killing a tortoise and using its shell to create music.
2. The Theft of Apollo’s Cattle:
• Hermes steals 50 of Apollo’s cattle, driving them backward to disguise their tracks and crafting special sandals to hide his footprints.
• He sacrifices two cows, invents fire, and hides the rest before returning home to pretend innocence.
3. Conflict with Apollo:
• Apollo confronts Hermes, who denies the theft with clever lies.
• They take their dispute to Zeus, who orders Hermes to return the cattle.
4. Reconciliation and Exchange:
• Hermes charms Apollo with his lyre, leading Apollo to forgive him.
• Apollo trades 50 cattle for the lyre and grants Hermes roles as messenger of the gods and guide of souls to the underworld
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What happens in the judgement of Paris?
The Golden Apple:
• Eris, goddess of strife, throws a golden apple inscribed “to the fairest” at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, sparking a dispute among Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite over who deserves it.
2. Paris as Judge:
• Zeus refuses to decide and appoints Paris, a Trojan prince raised as a shepherd, to judge the contest.
3. The Bribes:
• Hera offers Paris power over Europe and Asia.
• Athena promises victory in battle and unmatched wisdom.
• Aphrodite offers him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world—Helen of Sparta.
4. Paris’s Choice:
• Paris awards the apple to Aphrodite, swayed by her promise of Helen’s love.
5. Aftermath:
• Helen, already married to Menelaus, is taken by Paris to Troy.
• This act leads to the Trojan War as Menelaus gathers Greek forces to retrieve Helen.
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What happens in the Homeric hymn to Aphrodite?
Zeus’s Plan:
• To humble Aphrodite, who often makes gods fall for mortals, Zeus causes her to fall in love with Anchises, a mortal shepherd on Mount Ida.
2. Aphrodite’s Seduction:
• Overcome with desire, Aphrodite adorns herself and approaches Anchises, disguised as a mortal maiden.
• She claims Hermes brought her to marry him, and they sleep together.
3. Revelation and Prophecy:
• Afterward, Aphrodite reveals her divine identity, terrifying Anchises.
• She reassures him and foretells the birth of their son, Aeneas, who will become a great hero.
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What happens in the Homeric hymn to Dionysus?
Dionysus’s Capture:
• Dionysus, disguised as a handsome youth, is kidnapped by pirates who mistake him for a wealthy mortal.
• The helmsman recognizes him as a god and warns the crew, but the captain dismisses his concerns.
2. Divine Signs:
• As the ship sails, miraculous events unfold: wine flows on board, grapevines grow from the mast, and ivy spreads across the ship.
3. Dionysus’s Wrath:
• Dionysus transforms into a lion and summons a bear to terrorize the crew.
• The sailors leap overboard in fear and are turned into dolphins as punishment.
4. Helmsman Spared:
• Dionysus spares the helmsman, rewarding him for recognizing his divinity.
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What happens in the Homeric hymn to Demeter?
Abduction of Persephone:
• Persephone, daughter of Demeter, is abducted by Hades while picking flowers in a meadow. This was orchestrated by Zeus, who agreed to give her to Hades in marriage.
2. Demeter’s Grief and Search:
• Demeter, devastated by her daughter’s disappearance, searches the earth for her. She neglects her duties as the goddess of agriculture, causing famine and suffering among mortals.
3. Demeter at Eleusis:
• Disguised as an old woman, Demeter takes refuge in Eleusis with King Celeus’s family. She attempts to make their son, Demophoon, immortal but is interrupted by his mother, leading to failure.
• She reveals her divine identity and demands a temple be built in her honor.
4. Negotiation for Persephone’s Return:
• Zeus intervenes when the famine threatens the survival of humanity and the gods’ offerings.
• Hermes is sent to retrieve Persephone from Hades. However, because Persephone ate pomegranate seeds in the underworld, she must spend part of each year there.
5. Reunion and Seasons:
• Persephone’s return to Demeter brings joy and restores fertility to the earth.
• Her cyclical journey between the underworld and the mortal world explains the changing seasons: winter during her absence and spring/summer during her presence.
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What is the Roman name for Aphrodite?
Venus
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How do myths involving Aphrodite, Medea, and Artemis reflect societal views on women’s roles and power?
Aphrodite’s role in the Judgment of Paris highlights beauty as a source of female power but also as a cause of conflict. Medea’s story reflects societal anxieties about women who defy traditional roles—her intelligence and magical abilities make her powerful but dangerous when betrayed by Jason. Artemis punishes Actaeon for seeing her naked by transforming him into a stag; this myth underscores themes of chastity and female autonomy while warning against male intrusion. These myths reveal both reverence for female power and fear of its disruptive potential when it challenges societal norms.
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How do themes of justice and revenge manifest in myths like those of Medea, Achilles, and Romulus?
Medea’s revenge against Jason for betraying her reflects personal justice outside societal norms—she punishes him by killing their children and his new bride. Achilles seeks revenge for Patroclus’s death by killing Hector but desecrates Hector’s body in an act that defies divine justice; only later does he show mercy by returning it to Priam. Romulus kills Remus during a dispute over Rome’s founding, asserting divine favor but also highlighting fraternal conflict as a form of justice tied to destiny. These myths explore justice not as an absolute concept but as something shaped by personal motives or divine will.
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How do Jason, Aeneas, and Achilles embody different types of heroism?
Jason exemplifies cunning heroism through his reliance on Medea’s help rather than brute strength; however, his betrayal undermines traditional heroic ideals tied to loyalty. Achilles embodies Greek heroism focused on personal glory but struggles with anger that leads to excesses like Hector’s desecration. Aeneas represents Roman heroism rooted in pietas—duty to family, gods, and Rome’s future—sacrificing personal desires for collective destiny. These differences reflect cultural values: Greek heroism celebrates individual achievement while Roman heroism prioritizes communal responsibility.
