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Anaesthesia > Pre-medicants > Flashcards

Pre-medicants Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives of pre-mendicant use

A 
Relaxation & anxiety reduction
Provision of sedation & analgesia
Aid smooth induction & recovery
Drug sparing
Reduction of side effects
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2
Q

Effective sedation requires…

A

Quiet environment

Adequate time for full effect

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3
Q

ROA affects…

A

Duration of action
Time to peak effect
Incidence of side effects

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4
Q

Effects of a sedative

A

CNS depression
Drowsiness/lethargy
Loss of consciousness

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5
Q

Effects of a tranquilliser

A

Calms & reduces anxiety

No loss of consciousness

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6
Q

Effects of a neurolept

A

State of apathy & mental detachment
Major tranquilliser
No loss of consciousness

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7
Q

Effect of a narcotic

A

Drug induced stupor

Insensibility & paralysis

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8
Q

Classification of acetylpromazine & general properties

A

Phenothiazine
Sedation at appropriate dose
Increasing does does not increase degree of sedation; increases duration & side effects
Addition of opioid potentiates sedation (neutroleptanalgesia)

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9
Q

Advantages of aceytlpromazine

A

Anti-arrhythmic
Anti-emetic
Wide safety margin (no coma w/OD)
Can be combined w/opioid to improve sedation

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10
Q

Disadvantages of acetlypromazine

A 
Slow onset; long acting
No analgesia
Poor muscle relaxation
Unpredictable effect
May cause syncope
Causes vasodilation (hypotension & hypothermia)
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11
Q

3 examples of alpha-2 agonists

A

Medetomidine
Dexmeditomidine
Xylazine

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12
Q

Alpha-2 agonist properties

A

Provide sedation; anaesthesia if combined w/ketamine
Bind to a-2 receptors in brain & spinal cord: block pain impulse transmission
Generally reserved for young & healthy animals
Avoid in CNS & hepatic disease

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13
Q

Alpha-2 advantages

A 
DD sedation
DD duration of action
Reasonably predictable
Drug sparing 
Visceral analgesia 
Muscle relaxation
Reversible
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14
Q

Alpha-2 disadvantages

A

CVS & resp. Depression
Impaired thermoregulation
Reduced hepatic blood flow
Apnoea & grey mms

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15
Q

Full agonist opioid examples & indication for use

A 
For mod-severe pain
Can to topped up to increase effect
Morphine
Methadone
Butorphanol
Pethidine
Fentanyl
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16
Q

Partial agonist opioid example & indication for use

A

For mike-mod pain
Cannot be topped up
Buprenorphine

17
Q

Properties of opioids & how they work

A

Relief of pre-op pain & anxiety
Contribute to sedation when combined with another agent
Combine w/specific receptors in brain & spinal cord

18
Q

Opioid advantages

A

DD analgesia
Drug sparing
causes sedation in non-painful animals
Reversible (naloxone)

19
Q

Opioid disadvantages

A

High dose may cause profound resp. Depression
Full agonists may cause bradycardia
Exciting on OD, leading to dysphoria (esp. cats)
Anti-tussive - accumulation of bronchial secretions impairing resp.

20
Q

Define neutroleptanalgesia

A

Combination of neurolept & analgesic
Operate synergistically
Drug sparing

21
Q

Neutroleptanalgesia advantages

A

Increased sedation quality
Increased predictability
Reduced side effects
Stable CP performance

22
Q

Neutroleptanalgesia disadvantages

A

Increased sensitivity to stimuli
Can only reverse opioid
Behavioural changes in dogs

23
Q

Examples of benzodiazepines & their ROA

A

Diazepam IV

Midazolam IM

24
Q

Characteristics of benzodiazepines

A

Often combined w/opioids
Only used alone in critically ill -
Provide safe sedation

25
Q

Benzodiazepines advantages

A

Wide safety margin
Minimal CP effects
Muscle relaxation
Anti-epileptic

26
Q

Benzodiazepines disadvantages

A

Unpredictable - may cause excitation in healthy animals

Water insoluble diazepam may be painful if given IM

27
Q

Define anti-cholinergics & examples

A

Parasympathetic agonists
Atropine
Glycopyrrolate

28
Q

Atropine advantages

A

Reduces salivation & bronchial secretions

Controls intro-op bradycardia

29
Q

Atropine disadvantages

A

Increases HR & MBR
Thickens bronchial secretions
Increases myocardial o2 consumption

30
Q

Indications for use of anti-cholinergics

A 
When a vagal activity is a concern
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Brachycephalics
Ocular & laryngeal sx
31
Q

Glycopyrrolate advantages

A

Decreases salivation

Reduces incidence of tachyarrythmias

32
Q

Glycopyrrolate disadvantages

A

Mild mydriasis (dilation)
Xerostoma (dry mouth)
Tachycardia

Anaesthesia (14 decks)

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