Pre-Exam Cram Flashcards
Define groundwater flow.
Groundwater flow is the process by which water moves via pores in rocks and the upper soil layer.
Define throughfall.
Throughfall is the flow of water through leaves and foliage onto the ground.
Define channel flow and storage.
This is where water moves through and is stored in the river channel.
What is human sequestration?
Human sequestration = carbon within factories -> utilises carbon capture and storage (CCS)
What is natural sequestration?
Natural sequestration = plants capturing carbon in its vegetation during photosynthesis
Also sequestrated within rocks via geological processes (compression)
What is hydrocarbon fuel extraction and burning?
Hydrocarbon fuel extraction and burning: carbon locked within lithosphere -> due to carbon entering oceans and phytoplankton -> which has been compressed into oil and gas -> which is then extracted/burnt by humans.
What is wave quarrying?
Wave quarrying is the process by which water englarges joints via vibration (due to high-intensity waves)
What is corrasion?
Corrasion is similar to attrition, in that it throws rocks at the face of the cliff.
What is cavitation?
Cavitation is the compression of air into joints -> ‘fizzing’ occurs which enlarges fisses within joints.
What are compound spits?
Compound spits are spits that have recurved ‘spurs’ along its joints -> these spurs can then become whole spits via long-term deposition
What are offshore bars?
Offshore bars are ridges of sand/shingle that runs parallel to the coast across the offshore zone => due to deposition (eg low-energy waves, breakage of waves) -> useful for dredging and beach nourishment.
What are bars/barrier beaches?
Bars/barrier beaches are ridges of sand across a bay, connected to the land on both sides -> a lagoon forms behind -> eg Start Bay in Devon (drift-aligned coasts)
What are tombolos?
Tombolos are ridges of sand/bars connecting and offshore island with the mainland -> drift-aligned coasts via a spit
What are cuspate forelands?
Cuspate forelands = Low-lying triangular shaped headlands that extend from the shoreline -> due to deposited sediment -> via LSD at the boundary of sediment cells -> therefore there are 2 currents supplying LSD
What are marine platforms?
Wave-cut (marine) okatfirn = eroded at cliff base causing cliffs to retreat.
What is the ICZM approach?
ICZM => Holistic long-term strategy, which works with the entirety of a coast -> recognises the sustainability and important -> within sediment cells -> SMP’s are created across the sub-cells
What is risk-sharing, as a response to hazards?
Risk-sharing => Insurance to ensure cost of a hazard is spread across parties
What are the layers found within the earth + its composition?
-> Inner core + Outer core => made up of iron + nickel (outer is more liquid)
-> Mantle => made up asthenosphere (bottom layer) and the lithosphere (top layer)
-> Crust => oceanic (denser) and continental (less dense)
What are the different types of tectonic movement?
Tectonic movements:
-> Slab pull (plate motion driven by oceanic plate sinking into mantle at trenches
->Gravitational sliding (slope created when gravity pushes plates away, widening a gap -> under gravitational influence)
->Magma plumes (driving force of plate movement - hotspots form above them)
What is the plate tectonic theory?
->Continental drift/Jigsaw fit
->Fossils
->Similar geology composition in different places
What are ocean trenches?
Ocean trenches = deep water areas at destructive plate margins -> a volcanic island arc can sometimes be found between the trench and continental plate
What are mid-ocean ridges?
Mid-ocean ridges = long mountain ridges created at a divergent boundary -> eg Mid-Atlantic ridge (balsaltic flow)
What are fold mountains?
Fold mountains = large mountain ranges where layers of rock within them has been crumpled at destructive and collision boundaries (plates of equal density)
Contrast composite and shield volcanoes
->Composite volcanoes => Andesitic flow, high sillica content, viscous, alternating layers of ash and lava
->Shield volcanoes = Balsaltic lava, low sillica content, less viscous, layers of solidified lava
What are rift valleys?
Rift valleys => where composite volcanoes are formed as lithosphere thinning and so magma rises
Key characteristics of Hurricane Katrina.
Hurricane Katrina:
-2005, New Orleans
-$125bn damages
-Due to low pressure system over the Atlantic Ocean
-Category 5
->Flaws in flood engineering
->Evacuation to superdome stadium - some poorer people remained at their homes
-6 metre storm surges
-80% flooded
->Almost 2k deaths
-$50bn in aid
->Law restored after as looting increased after the hazard
What are the primary hazards of volcanoes?
Primary Hazards:
->Lava flow
->Pyroclastic flow/Nuees Ardentes (dense clouds of ash and gas that flow down volcanoes)
->Ash fall (ash particles and tephra falling down - kills vegetation, building collapse, water source contamination
->Gas eruptions (CO2 + Sulphur dioxide)
What are secondary hazards of volcanic eruptions?
Secondary hazard:
->Mudflow -> rainfall mobilises volcanic ash and then moves at fast speeds
