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Y13 Geography > Global Systems and Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication and transport

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2
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

Dimensions of globalisation:
-Economic (trade, TNC)
-Health (medical advances)
-Social (migration)
-Cultural
-Technology
-Environmental (campaigns)
-Political (NGO’s)

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3
Q

What is meant by capital flow?

A

Capital flow = movement of money for purpose of investment, trade,s ervices

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4
Q

What is meant by international trade?

A

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across borders

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5
Q

What are the factors of production that provide goods and services?

A

Factors of production:
-Land (minerals, soil,etc)
-Labour (cost, quality of workfore)
-Capital/Capital flow
-Enterprise

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6
Q

What are the regions that major flows occur between?

A

Major flows occur between:
-Core regions (wealthy countries
-Periphery regions (less wealthy countries)

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7
Q

What is the international monetary fund (IMF)?

A

IMF = international corporation that aims to source financial stability and high employment around the world

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8
Q

What is the world bank?

A

The world bank - group of global institution that gives out loans

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9
Q

What is the flow of labour?

A

Flow of labour = movement of people who move to work in another country
-Mostly to HIC’s
-Highest in Asia and Europe

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10
Q

The flow of physical goods

A

Flow of physical goods:
-Transported between countries due to globalisation
-Mostly in HIC’s
-Due to technological advancements
-HIC’s import from LIC’s to make a profit

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11
Q

Flow of services

A

Flow of services:
-Services can locate anywhere without constraints from recourcs
-Two types of services: high level and low level

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12
Q

What is meant by ‘knowledge economy’?

A

Knowledge economy -> develops quarternary industry, allowing info transfer for stock markets and high tech product

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13
Q

Flow of information

A

Flow of information -> fast broadband and connections, social media communication, knowledge economy

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14
Q

What is remittance?

A

Remittance = a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift between countries
->Somalia relies on remittance due to low economy - lack of anti-money laundering laws / informal economy - disrupts capital flow due to lack of governmental regulation

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15
Q

What is the global division of labour?

A

Global division of labour: Products designed where consumer market located, manufactured in NEE’s, globally distributed

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16
Q

Global division of labour example

A

Global division of labour example -> Nike:
Desgned in USA -> Rubber extracted in China -> Manufactured in Vietnam -> Globally distributed

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17
Q

Factors that increase globalisation

A

Factors that increase globalisation:
-Communication
-Capital investment
-Global marketing
-TNC’s
-Language
-Containerisation
-Transport
-Trade
-Migration
-Travel

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18
Q

What is containerisation?

A

Containerisation is when vast quantities of product are shipped at low costs

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19
Q

How does government support accelerate globalisation?

A

Government support:
-Occurs through UK trade and investment
-Dry ports (inland trading, containerisation)

20
Q

How does security accelerate globalisation?

A

How security accelerates globalisation:
-Terrorism threat high = security high = world customs organisation

21
Q

How does management and information systems accelerate globalisation?

A

Management and Information Systems:
-Intergrate better global systems by better management of economies -> Lidl, Samsung

22
Q

What are the issues associated with interdependance?

A

Issues associated with interdependance:
-Unequal flows (flows of labour, capital, ideas and technology
-Geopolitical risks
-Outsourcing

23
Q

What are the benefits and issues of the flow of people?

A

Flow of people benefits:
-Workers send remittances home which helps their local economy
-People may be fleeing from conflict
Flow of people issues:
-Host country may be dependant on migraint workers, causing issues if there is a change in circumstance
-Migrants home country may be dependant on remittances
-Can cause underpopulation in home country

24
Q

What are the benefits and problems of the flows of money? (Interdependance)

A

Benefits of the flow of money:
-FDI can improve QOL as it provides income
Problems of the flow of money:
-Workers in low income dependant on higher wages and so may subject themselves to dangerous working conditions
-TNC’s may profit too much

25
Flow of ideas benefits and problems (interdependance)
Benefits: -HIC can educate LIC on how to create economic growth Problems: -Deregulation may lead to more relaxed social and environmental laws in LIC, causing environmental damage and injustice
26
What are trade blocs?
Trade blocs are a group of countries that adopt a common market, eg EU
27
What are the advantages of trade blocs?
Trade Bloc Advantages: -Promotes free trade, which means trading without tariffs -There is often free movement of labour, eg people,a cross trading blocs -Creates good trading relathionships with other countries in the trading bloc
28
What are the disavantages of trading blocs?
Disadvantages of trading blocs: -Importing and exporting to countries outside the trading bloc can be expensive -Countries can often be part of only one trading bloc, meaning they cant enter others -Countries aren't treated equally
29
What are common markets?
Common markets - an agreement between two or more countries removing all trade barriers between themselves, establishing common tariff and non-tariff barriers for other importers
30
What is monetary union?
Monetary union = a zone where a single monetary policy prevails and inside with a single currency
31
Why is outsourcing an issue associated with interdependance?
Outsourcing = leads to economic loss in host countries -> as labour is done elsewhere -> Benefits TNC's only due to cheap costs
32
Geopolitical risks associated with interdependance
Geopolitical risks associated with interdependance: -Country alliances (eg NATO) -> conflic between countries can cause global conflict -Climate change -Economic powerhouses (USA v China) -Energy security (Middle-East dominant market)
33
What is protectionism?
Protectionism = refres to government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries -> to improve economic activity in the industry + protect safety and quality concerns
34
What is fair trade
Fair trade: -Bottom-up approach -Social movement that helps promote good trading conditions + sustainability -Fair payment, promotes equality -> population advances together -Local communities (ie farmers) benefit
35
What are the factors impacting access to markets?
Factors impacting access to markets: -Trade agreements (such as trade blocs) -> relationships between countries improve trade -> however it reduces acess to other countries markets -Other agreements such as SEZs (special economic zones) -Wealth (HIC's can afford higher tariffs on exports and imports compared to LIC's
36
Location of Antarctica
Location of Antarctica: -In the Southern Ocean, 60 degrees latitude -Antarctic Convergence Zone = natural boundary seperating two distinct hydrological regions, approx 32-48km wide
37
What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?
Antarctic Circumpolar current = flows eastwards due to Westerly winds, blocing warmer water tavelling south. Known as the West Wind Drift.
38
What is Antarctic Divergence?
Antarctic Divergence - a lesser current flowing Westwards, blown by Easterly winds
39
Antarctica's Physical Geography
Antarctica's Physical Geography: -Dry Valleys -Transantarctic Mountains
40
What are global commons?
Global Commons: domains that lie outside of the political reach of any nation state -Eg Antarctica, Space, Atmosphere
41
Antarctica Climate and Environment
Antarctica Climate and Environment: -Extreme environment -Coldest place on earth, is -40 degrees celcius -Dry, barely any precipitation, only in the coastal areas - can be considered a desert
42
Antarctica natural resources
Antarctica Natural Resources: -Rich in natural resources eg fossil fuels and minerals -Large oil reserves in the Southern Ocean -Iron ore desposits rich in Transantarctic Mountains
43
Vulnerability of Antarctica as a global common
Vulnerability of Antarctica as a global common: -Large amount of resrouces available -Demands increase -Climate is fragile - highly adapted to extreme environments so a change can affect entire ecosystem -Major threats - climate change, fishing and whaling, mineral/resource exploitation, tourism and scientific research
44
Antarctic Treaty
Antarctic Treat - collection of agreements that work to protect Antarctica through global governance -53 parties -Bans activity relating to mineal resources -Establishes protection -Banned nuclear activity -However, inspections do not occur foten and treaty is not mandatory
45
Antarctica - International Whaling Comission (IWC)
IWC: -89 member states -Setting catch limits to regulate how many can be caught -Conservation work through yearly meetings -States choose freely, no penalty enforced
46
Convention on the conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
-Treaty created in 1980 -Protects marine life populations, especially krill -Ecosystem monitoring program, detects and records changes in the ecosystem + analyses effects of commercial fishing
47
Influence of NGO's on Antarctic Governence
Influence of NGO's on Antarctic Governence: -Charities such as Greenpeace and WWF enhances protection by: -Monitoring reliability of government data -Reporting issues -Spreading awareness -Creating petitions and campaigns for change

Y13 Geography (7 decks)

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