Pre-Course A+P Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells
cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane
Function of Cells
Turn essential nutrients into energy, remove waste products, reproduce and carry on essential life functions
Prokaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Functions of the cell membrane
Surrounds and protects the cell
Cytoplasm / protoplasm
Surrounds the nucleus, Where work takes place in the cell, Thick viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell
What are cell organelles?
Structures that perform specific functions within the cell in order for it to live, grow and reproduce
What is an organelle?
A level of organization between macromolecules and the cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A network of small channels that has both rough and smooth portions
What is a ribosome?
Protein factors that can be scattered within a cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Building of proteins
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesis of lipids and storage of toxins
Where are the ribosomes found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Outer Surface
How does smooth endoplasmic reticulum effect proteins?
synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to specific destinations. Think of it as the distributing plant for the cell
Where is the Golgi apparatus located?
In cytoplasm next to endoplasmic reticulum and near cell nucleus
Function of the mitochondria?
produces most of the chemical energy needed for the cell’s biochemical reactions. This is the power plant of the cell
What is the main energy currency of the cell?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down excess or worn-out cell parts. This is the garbage man of the cell- takes in cell debris and waste and destroys it, which can be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
What can lysosomes due at the end of cell life?
Can help self-destruct cells that are beyond repair through apoptosis or cell death
What is the function of the nucleus?
The control center for the cell
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA and Nucleolus
What does the nucleus create?
ribosomes
Function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
copies and carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm
Function of Ribsomal RNA (rRNA)
Site of protein synthesis
Function of peroxisomes?
Contribute to biosynthesis of membrane lipids
Function of transfer RNA (tRNA)
transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into the protein being synthesized
Where are peroxisomes found?
cytoplasm
What do the enzymes found in peroxisomes do?
convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen as it is potentially toxic to the cell
What is Apoptosis?
AKA “Cell suicide”
Natural process where cells die in a programmed fashion, plays an important role in removing damaged or faulty cells, immune cells called phagocytes engulf the cell and dispose of it
What are the 4 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
- Protect the body from infection and blood loss
- Help the body maintain constant body temperature
- Help maintain fluid balance within the body
Location of heart?
the center of the chest, anterior to the spine, and posterior to the sternum
Functions of the right side of the heart
receives oxygen-poor blood from veins and pumps it to the lungs and picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
What is Autophagic Cell Death
The body’s way of clearing out the damaged cells (the cell is essentially eating itself)
How many atria are in the heart?
2
Functions of the left side of the heart
receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the rest of the body
how many ventricles are in the heart?
2
What are the layers of tissue in the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
What is the innermost layer of the heart tissue?
Endocardium
Endocardium function
Lines the heart chambers and valves
What is the middle layer of the heart tissue?
myocardium
What is the function of the myocardium?
Muscle layer that enables heart contractions
What type of tissue is found in the endocardium?
endothelial cells and subendocardial connective tissue
What type of tissue is found in the myocardium?
cardiomyocytes
What is the outermost layer of the heart tissue?
pericardium
Function of the pericardium?
Protective sac surrounding the heart
What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
Visceral pericardium/epicardium
Parietal pericardium
Which layer of the pericardium is in contact with the heart?
Visceral pericardium/epicardium
Which layer of the pericardium is in not contact with the heart?
Parietal pericardium
What is found between the 2 layers of the pericardium?
Pericardial fluid
Function of the pericardial fluid?
reduces friction as the heart contracts and changes position
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
2 atria; 2 ventricles
What seperates the right and left atria?
interatrial septum
Are the walls of the atria or ventricles thinner?
atria
Function of atria
load and stretch the ventricles so that pumping is more efficient
What seperates the right and left ventricles?
interventricular septum
what type of tissue and muscle are found in the ventricles?
fibrous connective tissue and contractile muscle
function of the atrioventricular valves
Controls blood flow between the atria and the ventricles
How many flaps (leaflets) are in the right atrioventricular valve?
3
location of tricuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
location of bicuspid valve
Located between left atrium and left ventricle
How many flaps (leaflets) are in the left atrioventricular valve?
2
What muscles connect to the valves?
Papillary muscles in the ventricles.
names of the 2 semi-lunar valves
aortic and pulmonary
left semi-lunar valves name?
aortic valve
right semi-lunar valves name?
pulmonary valve
location of the aortic valve?
between left ventricle and aorta
location of the pulmonary valve?
between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
what kind of tissue are in the semi-lunar valve?
endocardial and connective tissue
purpose of the valves?
prevent backflow of blood
Primary role of the lymphatic vessels?
rid our bodies of harmful toxins and wastes
major functions of the lymphatic system?
Carry interstitial fluid towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, where it empties this fluid into the lymphatic ducts and to maintain the adaptive immune system.
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
The spleen
Function of the spleen
acts as a blood filter by controlling the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the body and helps to fight infection.
What is a lymphocyte?
White blood cell which acts as a defender of the body.
What do the lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies to kill the harmful organisms and stop infections from spreading.
The most common cause of peripheral vascular disease?
peripheral artery disease due to atherosclerosis.
How can diabetes damage blood vessels?
The high blood sugar level can damage blood vessel, making them more likely to become narrow or to weaken. People with diabetes often also have high blood pressure and a high level of fats in the blood.
What is arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis)?
the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls. Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells, platelets and other substances often clump at the injury site and build up in the inner lining of the artery.
are risk factors or causes of atherosclerosis:
High cholesterol
High triglycerides
Smoking and other sources of tobacco
Insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes
Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause
What is an aneurysm?
a bulge in the side of a blood vessel.
What are the two most important types of aneurysms to recognize?
Cerebral and aortic aneurysms.
What is an aortic aneurysm?
occur high in the chest where the aorta leaves the heart, or lower in the abdomen. The bulge is caused by a weakening in the wall of an artery and may be caused by genetic factors or by disease.
Risk factors of aortic aneurysm?
hypertension, high cholesterol and smoking.
What is systolic blood pressure?
measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats.
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.
What is hypertension?
blood pressure that is higher than normal.
What is a heart attack?
occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
What is Endocarditis?
Inflammation of the endocardium usually caused by bacteria but may be caused by fungal, viral or other infections and medical conditions that damage the heart and cause inflammation. This infection starts to deteriorate and destroy the tissues and the valves are the most susceptible.
Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis:
- Fever and chills
- Blood in urine
- Spleen that is larger than normal
- Abdominal pain
- Chest pain
- Cough, with or without the presence of blood
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Muscle, joint, and back pain
- Night sweats
- Shortness of breath
- Skin changes can occur with endocarditis. These may be painful red or purple bumps, or painless flat red spots on places such as the palms of your hands or soles of your feet, or tiny reddish purple spots from broken blood vessels.
What is myocarditis?
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium or heart muscle.
Signs and Symptoms of Myocarditis:
- Chest pain and discomfort
- Heart palpitations
- Fainting
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Abdominal pain
- Exercise intolerance, or no longer being able to exercise
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Swelling of feet or legs
- Weakness
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the sac that surrounds your heart.
what typically causes pericarditis?
viral illness
Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis:
- Chest pain. Chest pain from pericarditis typically feels sharp but it can also feel tight and crushing, and spread to your arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach.
- Unlike angina or infarction, it gets worse with breathing, and feels better with sitting up and leaning forward.
- Fast heartbeat
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
What is Dilated cardiomyopathy?
the heart’s decreased ability to pump blood where the left ventricle is enlarged, dilated and weak.
Signs and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Many people are asymptomatic. Major symptoms develop as heart function worsens:
- Shortness of breath
- Swelling of the legs and feet
- Fatigue, inability to exercise, or carry out activities as usual
- Weight gain, cough and congestion related to fluid retention
- Palpitations or fluttering in the chest due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia)
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms)
- Blood clots due to blood flowing more slowly through the body.
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
is a disease that affects the heart muscle, causing the muscle to enlarge.
Signs and Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death
- Heart failure
- Shortness of breath and fatigue, especially with exertion.
- Syncope (fainting or passing out)
- Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation occurs in about 25 percent of those with HCM and increases the risk for blood clots and heart failure.
What is Pericardial tamponade?
serious condition in which blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle.
Beck’s Triad
Low BP, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins.
Signs and symtpms of pericardial tamponade?
- Beck’s triad
- anxiety and restlessness
- weakness
- chest pain radiating to your neck, shoulders, or back
- trouble breathing or taking deep breaths
- rapid breathing
- discomfort that’s relieved by sitting or leaning forward
- fainting, dizziness, and loss of consciousness
3 main functions of the Nervous system:
- Sensory input provides stimulation of the senses
- Integration refers to the nervous deciding how to react
- Motor output refers to the response or reaction to stimulation
2 main systems within the nervous system
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What comprises the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell that sends information to other nerve cells, muscles or gland cells from the brain
What surrounds and protects the neuron?
neuroglia/glial cells
Function of the neuroglia?
provide support, nutrition, insulation and help with signal transmission in the nervous system
What are the 4 cell types in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes
Function of Astrocytes?
Support and regulate ions
Function of microglial cells?
immune defense in brain and spinal cord
Function of Ependymal cells?
line cavities in brain and spinal cord, also help create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid that fills the cavities
Function of Oligodendrocytes?
wrap and insulate neurons to form myelin sheath
What protects the brain and spinal cord?
o Bone that makes up the skull
o Meninges
o Dura mater
o Arachnoid
o Cerebrospinal fluid
o Pia mater
What is a Meninge?
Protective membrane that cover the entire central nervous system
What protects the brain?
Cranial vault and the skull
What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
feelings visualization, imagination, intuition, rhythm, creativity and holistic thinking
What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
linear thinking, mathematics, logic, facts, thinking in words
Functions of the frontal lobe?
muscle control, cognitive functions, motor skills, emotions, language comprehension and speech
Where is the frontal lobe located?
front of the brain
Where is the occipital lobe located?
back of the brain
Where is the parietal lobe located?
upper back of the brain
Where is the temporal lobe located?
Each side of the brain, near the ears.
Functions of the occipital lobe?
Vision
Functions of the parietal lobe?
Perception, touch, pain, pressure, making sense of things, arithmetic and spelling
Functions of the temporal lobe?
Memory, understanding, language.
How do left and right hemisphere communicate?
Myelinated axon fibers
