Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCP > Pre-Course A+P > Flashcards

Pre-Course A+P Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of Cells

A

Turn essential nutrients into energy, remove waste products, reproduce and carry on essential life functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A

Surrounds and protects the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytoplasm / protoplasm

A

Surrounds the nucleus, Where work takes place in the cell, Thick viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cell organelles?

A

Structures that perform specific functions within the cell in order for it to live, grow and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A level of organization between macromolecules and the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of small channels that has both rough and smooth portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Protein factors that can be scattered within a cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Building of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesis of lipids and storage of toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the ribosomes found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Outer Surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does smooth endoplasmic reticulum effect proteins?

A

synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to specific destinations. Think of it as the distributing plant for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the Golgi apparatus located?

A

In cytoplasm next to endoplasmic reticulum and near cell nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of the mitochondria?

A

produces most of the chemical energy needed for the cell’s biochemical reactions. This is the power plant of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Break down excess or worn-out cell parts. This is the garbage man of the cell- takes in cell debris and waste and destroys it, which can be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can lysosomes due at the end of cell life?

A

Can help self-destruct cells that are beyond repair through apoptosis or cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The control center for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA and Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the nucleus create?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

copies and carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of Ribsomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of peroxisomes?

A

Contribute to biosynthesis of membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into the protein being synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are peroxisomes found?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the enzymes found in peroxisomes do?

A

convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen as it is potentially toxic to the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

AKA “Cell suicide”

Natural process where cells die in a programmed fashion, plays an important role in removing damaged or faulty cells, immune cells called phagocytes engulf the cell and dispose of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
  2. Protect the body from infection and blood loss
  3. Help the body maintain constant body temperature
  4. Help maintain fluid balance within the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Location of heart?

A

the center of the chest, anterior to the spine, and posterior to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functions of the right side of the heart

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from veins and pumps it to the lungs and picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Autophagic Cell Death

A

The body’s way of clearing out the damaged cells (the cell is essentially eating itself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many atria are in the heart?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Functions of the left side of the heart

A

receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how many ventricles are in the heart?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the layers of tissue in the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart tissue?

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Endocardium function

A

Lines the heart chambers and valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart tissue?

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A

Muscle layer that enables heart contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of tissue is found in the endocardium?

A

endothelial cells and subendocardial connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of tissue is found in the myocardium?

A

cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart tissue?

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of the pericardium?

A

Protective sac surrounding the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium/epicardium

Parietal pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is in contact with the heart?

A

Visceral pericardium/epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is in not contact with the heart?

A

Parietal pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is found between the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

Pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Function of the pericardial fluid?

A

reduces friction as the heart contracts and changes position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

2 atria; 2 ventricles

50
Q

What seperates the right and left atria?

A

interatrial septum

51
Q

Are the walls of the atria or ventricles thinner?

A

atria

52
Q

Function of atria

A

load and stretch the ventricles so that pumping is more efficient

53
Q

What seperates the right and left ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

54
Q

what type of tissue and muscle are found in the ventricles?

A

fibrous connective tissue and contractile muscle

55
Q

function of the atrioventricular valves

A

Controls blood flow between the atria and the ventricles

56
Q

How many flaps (leaflets) are in the right atrioventricular valve?

A

3

57
Q

location of tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

58
Q

location of bicuspid valve

A

Located between left atrium and left ventricle

59
Q

How many flaps (leaflets) are in the left atrioventricular valve?

A

2

60
Q

What muscles connect to the valves?

A

Papillary muscles in the ventricles.

61
Q

names of the 2 semi-lunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

62
Q

left semi-lunar valves name?

A

aortic valve

63
Q

right semi-lunar valves name?

A

pulmonary valve

64
Q

location of the aortic valve?

A

between left ventricle and aorta

65
Q

location of the pulmonary valve?

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

66
Q

what kind of tissue are in the semi-lunar valve?

A

endocardial and connective tissue

67
Q

purpose of the valves?

A

prevent backflow of blood

68
Q

Primary role of the lymphatic vessels?

A

rid our bodies of harmful toxins and wastes

69
Q

major functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Carry interstitial fluid towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, where it empties this fluid into the lymphatic ducts and to maintain the adaptive immune system.

70
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

The spleen

71
Q

Function of the spleen

A

acts as a blood filter by controlling the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the body and helps to fight infection.

72
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

White blood cell which acts as a defender of the body.

73
Q

What do the lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies to kill the harmful organisms and stop infections from spreading.

74
Q

The most common cause of peripheral vascular disease?

A

peripheral artery disease due to atherosclerosis.

75
Q

How can diabetes damage blood vessels?

A

The high blood sugar level can damage blood vessel, making them more likely to become narrow or to weaken. People with diabetes often also have high blood pressure and a high level of fats in the blood.

76
Q

What is arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis)?

A

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls. Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells, platelets and other substances often clump at the injury site and build up in the inner lining of the artery.

77
Q

are risk factors or causes of atherosclerosis:

A

High cholesterol
High triglycerides
Smoking and other sources of tobacco
Insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes
Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause

78
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

a bulge in the side of a blood vessel.

79
Q

What are the two most important types of aneurysms to recognize?

A

Cerebral and aortic aneurysms.

80
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A

occur high in the chest where the aorta leaves the heart, or lower in the abdomen. The bulge is caused by a weakening in the wall of an artery and may be caused by genetic factors or by disease.

81
Q

Risk factors of aortic aneurysm?

A

hypertension, high cholesterol and smoking.

82
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats.

83
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

84
Q

What is hypertension?

A

blood pressure that is higher than normal.

85
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.

86
Q

What is Endocarditis?

A

Inflammation of the endocardium usually caused by bacteria but may be caused by fungal, viral or other infections and medical conditions that damage the heart and cause inflammation. This infection starts to deteriorate and destroy the tissues and the valves are the most susceptible.

87
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis:

A
  • Fever and chills
  • Blood in urine
  • Spleen that is larger than normal
  • Abdominal pain
  • Chest pain
  • Cough, with or without the presence of blood
  • Loss of appetite and weight loss
  • Muscle, joint, and back pain
  • Night sweats
  • Shortness of breath
  • Skin changes can occur with endocarditis. These may be painful red or purple bumps, or painless flat red spots on places such as the palms of your hands or soles of your feet, or tiny reddish purple spots from broken blood vessels.
88
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium or heart muscle.

89
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Myocarditis:

A
  • Chest pain and discomfort
  • Heart palpitations
  • Fainting
  • Shortness of breath
  • Fatigue
  • Abdominal pain
  • Exercise intolerance, or no longer being able to exercise
  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
  • Swelling of feet or legs
  • Weakness
90
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the sac that surrounds your heart.

91
Q

what typically causes pericarditis?

A

viral illness

92
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis:

A
  • Chest pain. Chest pain from pericarditis typically feels sharp but it can also feel tight and crushing, and spread to your arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach.
  • Unlike angina or infarction, it gets worse with breathing, and feels better with sitting up and leaning forward.
  • Fast heartbeat
  • Fever
  • Shortness of breath
93
Q

What is Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

the heart’s decreased ability to pump blood where the left ventricle is enlarged, dilated and weak.

94
Q

Signs and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Many people are asymptomatic. Major symptoms develop as heart function worsens:
  • Shortness of breath
  • Swelling of the legs and feet
  • Fatigue, inability to exercise, or carry out activities as usual
  • Weight gain, cough and congestion related to fluid retention
  • Palpitations or fluttering in the chest due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia)
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms)
  • Blood clots due to blood flowing more slowly through the body.
95
Q

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

is a disease that affects the heart muscle, causing the muscle to enlarge.

96
Q

Signs and Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death
  • Heart failure
  • Shortness of breath and fatigue, especially with exertion.
  • Syncope (fainting or passing out)
  • Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation occurs in about 25 percent of those with HCM and increases the risk for blood clots and heart failure.
97
Q

What is Pericardial tamponade?

A

serious condition in which blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle.

98
Q

Beck’s Triad

A

Low BP, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins.

99
Q

Signs and symtpms of pericardial tamponade?

A
  • Beck’s triad
  • anxiety and restlessness
  • weakness
  • chest pain radiating to your neck, shoulders, or back
  • trouble breathing or taking deep breaths
  • rapid breathing
  • discomfort that’s relieved by sitting or leaning forward
  • fainting, dizziness, and loss of consciousness
100
Q

3 main functions of the Nervous system:

A
  1. Sensory input provides stimulation of the senses
  2. Integration refers to the nervous deciding how to react
  3. Motor output refers to the response or reaction to stimulation
101
Q

2 main systems within the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

102
Q

What comprises the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

103
Q

Two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

104
Q

Two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

105
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell that sends information to other nerve cells, muscles or gland cells from the brain

106
Q

What surrounds and protects the neuron?

A

neuroglia/glial cells

107
Q

Function of the neuroglia?

A

provide support, nutrition, insulation and help with signal transmission in the nervous system

108
Q

What are the 4 cell types in the central nervous system?

A

Astrocytes, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes

109
Q

Function of Astrocytes?

A

Support and regulate ions

110
Q

Function of microglial cells?

A

immune defense in brain and spinal cord

111
Q

Function of Ependymal cells?

A

line cavities in brain and spinal cord, also help create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid that fills the cavities

112
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

wrap and insulate neurons to form myelin sheath

113
Q

What protects the brain and spinal cord?

A

o Bone that makes up the skull
o Meninges
o Dura mater
o Arachnoid
o Cerebrospinal fluid
o Pia mater

114
Q

What is a Meninge?

A

Protective membrane that cover the entire central nervous system

115
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranial vault and the skull

116
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

feelings visualization, imagination, intuition, rhythm, creativity and holistic thinking

117
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

linear thinking, mathematics, logic, facts, thinking in words

118
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe?

A

muscle control, cognitive functions, motor skills, emotions, language comprehension and speech

119
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A

front of the brain

119
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

back of the brain

120
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A

upper back of the brain

121
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

Each side of the brain, near the ears.

122
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

123
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Perception, touch, pain, pressure, making sense of things, arithmetic and spelling

124
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Memory, understanding, language.

125
Q

How do left and right hemisphere communicate?

A

Myelinated axon fibers

PCP (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions