Pre-colonial Flashcards
After the Negritos, what was the second group of people who migrated by sea to the Philippines 3,000 to 8,000 years ago?
Answer: Indonesians
The Indonesian people came into two waves. The first one, the ‘Indonesians A’, became the ancestors of the Ilongot people of the Sierra Madres. Both groups introduced the ‘kaingin’ system of farming which is still practised today in the forested areas of the Philippines.
Foreign influences were evident on most aspects of Filipino culture - the Philippine languages, for example. Now, from which Asian language do these words came from, ‘alam’, ‘hukom’, and ‘salamat’?
Answer: Arabic
‘Alam’ means ‘know’. ‘Hukom’ is a judge and ‘salamat’ means ‘thanks’. These words were possibly brought by the Arab merchants and traders who came to the country in the 9th century.
What is considered the earliest form of writing in the Philippines?
Answer: Baybayin
This alphabet, often incorrectly referred to as ‘alibata’, consists of 17 letters of which three are vowels and fourteen are consonants.
Who first introduced the Islamic religion in the Philippines?
Answer: Makhdum
Mahdum (or Mudum or Makhdum) was an Arabic scholar who visited the island of Sulu in Mindanao in 1380 converting the natives there to Islam. After his death, Rajah Baginda, a prince, continued propagating the Islamic faith to the people of Sulu first started by Makhdum.
Who commanded a large Chinese fleet, sent by Emperor Yung Lo of the Ming dynasty in 1402 to trade with the country at the same time establish colonies along the coast towns of the archipelago?
Answer: Cheng Ho
The fleet consisted of more than sixty ships and had visited the islands of Mindoro and Sulu, Lingayen in the Pangasinan province and the Manila Bay.
What province was in the earlier times became known far and wide as the ‘provincia de Comintang’?
Answer: Batangas
Comintang (or kumintang), originally a war song, became the love song of the ancient Filipinos. When sung, it is accompanied by dancing to the sound of the early musical instruments.
Marriage among the Filipinos in the past was long and complicated. You had to render services to the prospective bride’s family, for example, by chopping wood or fetching water from a ‘balon’ for days or months or years! If you were lucky enough to be accepted, what did you call of the gift you were required to give to the girl’s parents?
Answer: Bigay-kaya
It was sab-ong in Ilocano. The gift either consisted of a piece of land, a cow or pieces of gold. Bigay-suso was a kind of bribe given to the girl’s mother.
Who was the Supreme Being of the ancient Filipinos who, they believed, had created the universe?
Answer: Bathala
Bathala is the highest deity and the lord of all the creation. Lalahon is the goddess of harvest while Sidapa is the god of death. The prayers and sacrifices offered to the gods were performed by the ‘babayins’ or ‘katalonas’.
While most of the children of the ancient times were taught at home, there existed formal schools in the Panay Island of Visayas. What were these schools called?
Answer: bothoan
Here the Panay children were taught arithmetic, reading, religion and writing.
Where was the landing spot of the 10 Bornean datus who had escaped (along with their families) from the rule of their sultan, Makatunaw of Borneo?
Answer: San Joaquin, Panay Island
The 10 datus (chieftains) purchased land on which they could settle in from Marikudo. They were led by Datu Puti. Datu Puti later returned to Borneo via the Palawan route. Datu Balensusa and Dumangsol established their settlement in Batangas while the rest of the datus settled in Panay.
are the ones who lead the barangays and their power is based ontheir wealth, number of slaves and popularity
Datos (The Chiefs)
people who does not pay tax or tribute to the Dato but accompany him during the war at their own expense.
Maharlika (Nobles)
people who have their own houses and family and serve their masters and they cannot be slaves nor be sold.
Aliping namamahay
those who doesn’t have property of their own which means that they only live with their master and is responsible in cultivating his master’s land.
Slaves
The other life is referred to as “____” which they believe is a paradise or village of rest.
Maca
place of punishment, grief and affliction which they call ____ which was a “place of anguish”
Casanaan
Spaniard term for the natives of the archipelago; Racially discriminating and connotes a hierarchy
Indio
Discoverer of Spratly Islands
Tomas Cloma
A group of people ruled over by one datu to whom they owe allegiance, living on sea coasts or riverbanks
Barangay
Other term for Barangay
Balangay
Define the barangay as the smallest political unit
Tagalogs
Name given by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to the islands of Leyte and Samar after the Spanish prince Felipe
Filipinas
Evolved name of the early colony of the Philippines
Las Islas Filipinas
Term used by Pedro Chirino to distinguish those living in Filipinas
Filipinos
Austronesian language
Tumataban, tumarampok, ayuey
were considered the noble and ruling class, with privileges and responsibilities to protect the community and maintain peace and order.
refer to the native nobility who were granted privileges and titles by the Spanish authorities in exchange for their loyalty and service.
Maharlika
refer to the free commoners who were not part of the ruling or noble class. They were the middle class and had some privileges, such as owning land, but did not have the same status or power as the Maharlika.
During the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the term was used to refer to the native warriors who were conscripted by the Spanish authorities to fight in their armies. They were given some privileges, such as exemption from tribute and forced labor, but were still considered inferior to the Spanish soldiers.
Timawa
considered the highest class and were accorded with great respect and prestige. They were the ruling class and had significant power and influence over the community. Thus title was often inherited, and only certain families were considered to be part of this class.
Maginoo
refer to the native nobility who were given privileges and titles by the Spanish authorities in exchange for their loyalty and service. The Spanish also used the term to distinguish the native nobility from the commoners and the lower classes.
Maginoo
a term from the Philippines that refers to a slave or servant who lived in a space between the wall and the roof of a house. hey were called “_______” because they were considered the lowest among the slaves or servants and were relegated to this space, which is usually hot and uncomfortable.
Aliping sagigilid
This term has its roots in the pre-colonial Filipino society where there were different classes of people, and some were considered as lower class or slaves.
Aliping sagigilid
another term from the Philippines that refers to a slave or servant who lived in the household of their master. This term has its roots in the pre-colonial Filipino society, where there were different classes of people, and some were considered as lower class or slaves.
Aliping namamahay
hey were responsible for performing household chores and assisting their masters in their daily activities. They were not allowed to leave the household without permission, and their movements were often restricted.
Aliping namamahay
the highest rank of nobility; and they were considered to be powerful and influential members of their communities. responsible for maintaining peace and order in their territory, as well as for leading their people in times of war or conflict.
Gat/Lakan
They were often served by a council of advisors and were expected to be wise and just rulers.
Gat/Lakan
refers to a person who was considered a slave or servant during the pre-colonial era. In the social hierarchy of pre-colonial Filipino societies, the “___” were at the bottom and had few or no rights.
Alipin
was the head of a community or barangay (village), and their authority was based on their ability to lead their people and maintain peace and order in their territory.
Datu
they had already established a complex and sophisticated maritime culture. They built and sailed various types of boats, including the lepa and the vinta, which were used for trading and fishing. They also had a barter system in place, exchanging goods such as pearls, shells, and marine products for other items that they needed.
Badjaos
were organized into different political units, such as sultanates and datuships, each with its own ruling elite. They had their own system of laws and governance, and their society was characterized by strong familial ties and respect for elders.
Badjaos
___known for their fierce resistance against Spanish colonization. ___were skilled farmers, fishermen, and traders. They had a rich oral tradition, with epic poems and songs that told the stories of their ancestors and heroes. ___known for their intricate and colorful textiles, which were made using the ikat weaving technique. They also had a rich mythology and belief system, with spirits and deities believed to inhabit their environment.
Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos
a traditional Filipino house that is made of indigenous materials such as bamboo, nipa leaves, and cogon grass. It is a simple and functional house that reflects the lifestyle and needs of the Filipino people.
Bahay kubo
a term used to refer to the islands of the Visayas region in the central Philippines, particularly Samar, Leyte, and Biliran. The term was used by the Spanish colonizers to describe the inhabitants of these islands, who were known for their intricate body tattoos and body paintings.
Isles del Pintados
traditional garment worn by Filipino women, particularly in the southern Tagalog region of Luzon. It is a rectangular piece of cloth that is wrapped around the waist, and is often worn as a skirt or over a skirt as an overskirt.
Tapis
two traditional garments worn by Filipino women.
Saya/patadyong
traditional garments worn by Filipino men and women, respectively.
Baro/camisa
traditional Filipino headgear that is often worn during formal events and special occasions such as weddings, fiestas, and other cultural celebrations.
Putong
traditional loincloth worn by Filipino men, particularly those from indigenous tribes in the Philippines. It is a rectangular piece of cloth that is wrapped around the waist and then pulled between the legs, with the ends tucked into the waistband at the back.
Bahag
Is a traditional musical instrument from the Philippines that is used in many indigenous cultures. It is a type of two-stringed lute that is played using a plectrum or pick, and is similar in appearance to other Southeast Asian stringed instruments such as the Cambodian chapei dong veng and the Thai phin.
Kanggan
also known as Sheikh Makhdum Karim, was a Muslim missionary who played a key role in the spread of Islam in the Philippines in the 15th century. He first landed in what is now the province of Maguindanao in Mindanao, where he established a mosque and began preaching Islam to the local population.
Shariff Kabungsuan
was a Muslim missionary who arrived in the Philippines in the 14th century. He is credited with spreading Islam in the southern part of the Philippines, particularly in the area now known as Mindanao. He is credited with establishing the first Muslim community in the Philippines and with converting many of the local inhabitants to Islam.
Abu Bakr
branch of science and engineering concerned with the study of metals and their properties, as well as the processes involved in their production, refinement, and use. The ancient Filipinos were skilled metalworkers, and they were able to produce a variety of metal objects using different techniques.
Metallurgy
also known as the “Philippine genealogy,” refers to a collection of manuscript genealogical records of the pre-colonial Filipino nobility. These documents are written in Baybayin script and were created during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.
Tarsilas
had a strong naval presence, and Chinese merchants and traders traveled to the Philippines for commerce, particularly during the 14th to 16th centuries; particularly in Manila and Cebu, and engaged in trade with the local population. They brought with them goods such as silk, porcelain, and tea, while also exporting local products like gold, pearls, and spices.
Ming Dynasty
It was built during the Spanish colonial period in the late 16th century and served as the seat of government and military power during the Spanish rule of the Philippines.
The name is derived from the Latin words “intra muros,” which means “within the walls.” The city was enclosed by walls that were up to 6 meters thick and 22 meters high, with several bastions, gates, and fortifications. Within the walls, there were churches, government buildings, schools, and residential areas.
Intramuros
a paramount ruler of Tondo, a pre-colonial polity in the Philippines, during the 16th century. He was a member of the royal family of Tondo, and was known for his wise leadership and diplomatic skills.
Lakandula
also known as Rajah Sulayman III, was a ruler of Maynila (now Manila), a pre-colonial polity in the Philippines, during the 16th century. He was the grandson of Rajah Matanda, another prominent ruler of Maynila. He is known for his resistance against Spanish colonization, particularly during the arrival of the Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi, in 1570. He formed alliances with neighboring polities, including the Sultanate of Brunei, in an attempt to resist the Spanish forces.
Rajah Soliman
also known as Rajah Sulayman, was a Muslim chieftain and ruler of Maynila, one of the major polities in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization. He was the son of Rajah Lakandula, who was the paramount ruler of Tondo, and was a member of the royal family of the region. He is known for his resistance against Spanish colonization, particularly during the arrival of the Spanish conquistador
Rajah Matanda
term used in the Philippines to refer to people who live near or along the river
Taga-ilog
ype of traditional Filipino watercraft that is commonly used for transportation and fishing in coastal areas. It is a larger version of the lutaw, typically made from wood and powered by sails or small motors.
Lutaya
traditional Filipino watercraft that is commonly used for fishing and transportation in coastal communities. It is a small, narrow boat that is made from wood, bamboo, or other natural materials, and is typically powered by a paddle or a small motor.
Lutaw
n ethnic group that primarily inhabit the southern Philippines, particularly the islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. They are predominantly Muslim and have a distinct cultural identity that is influenced by their Islamic faith and their history of resistance against colonial powers.
Moro
a term that has been used to describe a group of people who share certain physical characteristics, including dark skin, curly hair, and broad facial features.
Australoid
They are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of the country, having lived in the archipelago for thousands of years. They are characterized by their dark skin, curly hair, and short stature
Negritos
Before the Spaniards came in 1521 and their invasion in 1565, the people living in the archipelago had already establish their own?
Civilization
The word Barangay came from the ________ word __________, which refers___________________?
Malay
balangay
To the boat that transported them to their settlements.
A Barangay was headed by _________ ?
Datu or Chieftain
Barangay compose of three groups of people:
The nobles
The freemen
The dependents
Who are the nobles?
Compose of the datu and their family
it is viewed form the lens of selected primary sources in different periods, analysis and interpretations.
Philippine History
It is the island which has three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni
Samar
It is the term for a palm wine, distils a liquor which resembles white mist.
Palmito
It is the place where the visitors of Pigafetta on the 18th of March lived
Humunu
It is the current name for Humunu Island
Homonhon
It is the italian term for “The weathering-place of Good signs”
Acquada da li buoniSegnialli
It refers to the four islands that were passed across by the group of Pigafetta as the had their course towards the west-southwest direction
Cenato, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, abarien
It is the term used by Pigafetta which refers to small boats
Boloto or baroto
It refers to the king of butuan and Calagan islands
RaiaColambu, RaiaSiaui
It is the term used by Pigafetta which refers to the island of Cebu
zubu
It is the island passed through by the group of Pigafetta where bats as large as eagles as they laid their course toward the northwest direction going Cebu
Catighan
It is believed that the so-called cry took place in?
Balintawak
The controversial version of the “cry of Pugad Lawin” has been authorized by the person who happened to be the eyewitness himself of the event.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
date of the first catholic mass in the Philippines.
March 31, 1521
page of the site of the first mass in Antonio Pigafetta’s account of his book First voyage around the world.
Page 23-32
Magellan & his men came upon an island named Samar.
March 16, 1521
fruit of the palm tree.
Coconuts
jar of palm wine.
Uraca
figs more than one palm long.
Bananas
island of the chief and 9 men who gave signs of joy because of Magellan and his men’s arrival.
Zuluan
One of the most ancient art in the pre-colonial Philippines
Pottery
A huge burial jar wherein the cover shows two men in a boat that represents the afterlife. This was excavated in Palawan during 18th century.
Manunggul Jar
The evolution of the pre-colonial Philippines which is part of the traditional source of living of the Filipinos. One example of this, are the textiles and blankets. A textile and a blanket with a black strap loom is for the daily needs, religious rites and rituals.
Weaving
A weaving from the tribe of T’boli in South Cotabato.
T’nak
In the pre-colonial Philippines, sculpture are the carvings that are found in the Cordillera focusing on the Anito figures called Bulol.
Sculpture
Ancestral spirits and gods which are offered with the pig’s blood.
Bulol
Ornate curvillinear designs carved in woods from the tribe of Tausug in Maranao.
Okir
Multicolors bird
Sarimanok
Fern with broad base
Pako Rabong
Pre-collonial dwellers adorn themselves with inricate ornaments made of gold and precious stones such as beads for neck pieces, bracelet, anklets, and earings to display social status, please the gods, and protection
Jewelry making
his real name Joan de Portocarrero, was a Spanish friar andwas one of the member of the Franciscan order which is a group of related mendicant Christianreligious orders for the Catholic church.
Fr. Juan de Plasencia
Pre-collonial dwellers adorn themselves with inricate ornaments made of gold and precious stones such as beads for neck pieces, bracelet, anklets, and earings to display social status, please the gods, and protection
