Pre-Adolescence

Question 1

Lawrence et al (2019)

Answer 1

Meta-analysis showing familial aggression of ADs

Question 2

Behavioural Inhibition

Answer 2

Shyness and tendency to retreat from unfamiliar stimuli (Coll et al., 1984)

Associated with 3x increase in odds of ADs (Sandstrom et al., 2020), particularly SAD

Question 3

Murray et al (2009) Information Transfer

Answer 3

Verbal communication by parent to child of threat-relevant information (e.g., reassurance giving) > preliminary support from systematic reviews but great methodological heterogeneities (Creswell et al., 2021)

Question 4

Murray et al (2009) Modelling (Observational Learning

Answer 4

Definite causal role to fear development, not necessarily AD; (1) de Rosnay et al (2006) experimental study showed that non-AD mothers trained to behave either non-anxious or anxious engaged with stranger, and if anxious behaviour, infant showed more fearful and avoidant behaviour with stranger, particularly if high-BI; (2) Murray et al (2008) longitudinal based on de Rosnay et showed same findings with SAD-mothers versus non-SAD-mothers but from viewing at 10mo and testing at 14mo

Question 5

Murray et al (2009) Overcontrol

Answer 5

Experimental studies with non-clinical mother-child dyads showed when mothers behaved in more controlling ways while helping child prepare for presentation, children showed more anxiety (Thirlwall & Creswell, 2010) but only for children high in trait anxiety, suggesting child factors can moderate effect of maternal overcontrol

But strength of association varies according to how overcontrol operationalised (McLeod et al., 2007)

Question 6

Lack of Warmth / Rejection

Answer 6

Weak association (McLeod et al., 2007)

Question 7

Disorder-Specificity

Answer 7

Draisey et al (2020) showed little evidence for disorder specificity for effects of chronic childhood adversity, negative life events, and particular forms of parenting behaviours

Question 8

Hudson et al (2019)

Answer 8

Longitudinal study assessing temperament and familial environment variables in 202 preschool children, reassessed at 6, 9, and 12, showing BI, maternal AD, and overcontrol closely associated with anxiety symptoms and disorders experienced over time

Question 9

High Parental Anxiety Bidirectional Effects

Answer 9

Studies found infant and child inhibited temperament elicit maternal anxiogenic behaviours (info transfer and overcontrol) among AD, but not non-AD mothers (Murray et al., 2008)

Creswell et al (2013) several different tasks with clinical children, maternal expressed anxiety ratings showed non-AD mothers to express lower anxious behaviour when children looked stressed

Question 10

Hudson et al (2014) treatment outcomes in context of high maternal AD

Answer 10

Significantly poorer outcomes for children following child-focused CBT for ADs when parents have AD, perhaps due to mechanisms (Murray et al., 2009)

Question 11

Creswell et al (2020) treatment in context of high maternal anxiety

Answer 11

211 anxious children and mothers either received (1) CBT+Con; (2) CBT+MCBT; (3) CCBT+interaction-intervention

MCBT associated with immediate reductions in maternal anxiety compared to Con, but after children received CBT, maternal outcomes improved in other condition to no significant differences level

No group differences in terms of child AD remission at posttreatment nor follow-up

But no comparator arm with non-AD-mothers, but Hiller et al (2016) pilot RCT for parent-led CBT in context of high parental anxiety, perhaps targeting mechanisms (Murray et al., 2009)