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Biochemical and Physiological Basis of Nutrition I: Macronutrients > Pre 9/14/22 > Flashcards

Pre 9/14/22 Flashcards

1
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth + pharynx + salivary glands

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2
Q

functions of oral cavity

A
  1. gustatory
  2. mastication
  3. digestion swallowing
  4. speech
  5. respiration
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3
Q

main enzyme in saliva

A

alpha-amylase (aka ptyalin)
lingual lipace

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4
Q

alpha-amylase function

A

hydrolyzes internal (alpha 1-4) bonds within starch

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5
Q

lingual lipase function

A

hydrolyzes dietary triglycerides in mouth and stomach

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6
Q

salivary glands must keep good regulation of…

A

conc of water

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7
Q

stimulation of salivary glands

A
  1. tactile stimuli
  2. taste
  3. other inputs: olfactory, visual, etc.
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8
Q

mechanics of digestion first two steps

A
  1. mastication (chewing): releases nutrients and increases total surface area of foods
  2. swallowing
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8
Q

swallowing is…

A

highly regulated

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9
Q

stages of swallowing

A
  1. voluntary stage
  2. pharyngeal stage
  3. esophageal stage
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10
Q

voluntary stage of swallowing

A

pressure of tongue squeezes and rolls bolus to pharynx

swallowing can’t be stopped
everything else is involuntary

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11
Q

pharyngeal stage

A

initiate a series of automatic pharyngeal contractions
forces bolus into upper esophagus

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12
Q

esophageal stage of swallowing

A

bring food rapidly from esophagus to stomach

primary and secondary peristalsis

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13
Q

primary digestive system organs

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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14
Q

secondary organs in the digestive system

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. liver
  3. gallbladder
  4. pancreas
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15
Q

what are the main functions of the oral cavity

A

eating, speaking, beginning digestion

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16
Q

which phase/s of swallowing is/are voluntary

A

voluntary phase/preparatory/oral phase
phase 1

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17
Q

which part of nervous system controls swallowing

A

CNS

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18
Q

pancreas anatomy

A
  1. ductless endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the blood
  2. acinar exocrine cells
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19
Q

acinar exocrine cells

A

produce digestive juice and enzymes

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20
Q

pancreas 3 parts

A
  1. head
  2. body
  3. tail
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21
Q

pancreatic exocrine cells secrete

A

pancreatic digestive enzymes
lots of bicarbonate released into pancreatic ducts

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22
Q

pancreatic enzymes + bicarbonate flow

A

pancreatic duct –> common bile duct to release

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23
Q

what triggers pancreatic enzymes

A

chyme in upper portion of small intestine

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24
Q

insulin is secreted by…

A

pancreas
directly into blood by Islets of Langerhaans

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25
Q

pancreatic juice contains

A
  1. bicarbonate
  2. electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), calcium
  3. pancreatic digestive enzymes
  4. -zymogens: proteases
  5. -other enzyme: amylase, lipace, RNase and DNase
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26
Q

exocrine cells produce and release

A

bicarbonate soln into ducts

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27
Q

during post prandial period,

A

pancreas responds to acid in small intestine
secretes bicarbonate to restore neutral pH

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28
Q

S cells

A

cells in proximal small intestine
release secretin in response to deacrease in pH
secretin causes release of bicarb

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29
Q

enterokinase

A

secreted from duodenal epihtelial cells
secretes zymogens

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30
Q

trypsin inhibitor

A

synthesized by pancreas
protexts pancreas by binding to trypsin if protease is accidentally activation within pancreas

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31
Q

largest internal organ

A

liver
right lobe and left lobe

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32
Q

liver lobes are made up of

A

lobules
made of hepatocytes

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33
Q

central veins

A

drain blood from liver and bring nutrients into circulation through hepatic veins, then inferior vena cava

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34
Q

blood passes through…

A

sinusoids: act as channels
sinusoids arise from branches of hepatic artery and portal vein

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35
Q

portal vein

A

brings blood from digestive tract to liver

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36
Q

bile canaliculi

A

transports bile to main bile duct in liver

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37
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophage like cells in liver

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38
Q

stellate cells

A

liver cells
store Vitamin A

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39
Q

liver functions

A
  1. centralize and segregate absorbed nutrients for metabolism, storage, or transport
  2. produce bile acids and salts
  3. excretes metabolic waste
  4. detoxification
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40
Q

bile

A

alkaline soln (pH 7.6-8.6) composed of:
1. bile acids and salts
2. cholesterole and phospholipids
3. bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin)

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41
Q

2 primary bile acids

A
  1. chenodeoxycholic acid
  2. cholic acid

made in hepatocytes from cholesterol
combine with sodium, potassium, calcium to form bile salts
conjugate with glycine or taurine

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42
Q

conjugation of bile acids with amino acids helps

A

ability to form micelles

43
Q

bile acids function

A

biological detergent
emulsify and break down large fat globules into small fat droplets
increases surface area

44
Q

what are the main anatomical/functional areas of pancreas?

A
45
Q

what are the main components of pancreatic exocrine secretions?

A
46
Q

what are the main components of pancreatic endocrine secretions?

A
47
Q

what are the main enzymes secreted by pancreas?

A

Lipase, amylase, protease

48
Q

what are the components (hormones, cells, and chemical compounds) and sequence of events in the mechanism for the regulation of pH in the duodenum?

A
49
Q

What are the main cell types in the liver and what are their functions?

A
50
Q

What components (nutrients, gases, excretion products, etc.) are mainly treansported by the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and central vein, respectively?

A

Hepatic artery: oxygenated blood
Portal vein: nutrients toxins from digestion
Central vein:

51
Q

what are the main biochemical components of bile?

A
52
Q

what are the main biochemical modifications of bile salts? what is the functional purpose?

A
53
Q

what are the main functions of bile?

A
54
Q

esophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach
lined by mucosa (a type of epithelial tissue)

55
Q

how does food enter the esophagus

A

bolus is sent from pharynx to esophagus
upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxes AND larynx pushes upwards to open UES and allow entry

56
Q

is upper esophageal sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

voluntary
allows for breathing, eating, swallowing

57
Q

closed lower esophageal sphincter

A

prevents stomach acid and contents from traveling backwards

58
Q

closed lower esophageal sphincter

A

prevents stomach acid and contents from traveling backwards

59
Q

is upper esophageal sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

60
Q

stomach histology: muscularis

A

has oblique layer
allows mechanical digestion by churning

61
Q

stomach epithelial lining is made of

A

ONLY surface mucous cells
secrete protective coat of alkaline mucous

62
Q

cardiac glands

A

found in a narrow rim at the juncture of the espohagus and the stomach

63
Q

oxyntic glands

A

aka gastric glands
found in the body and fundus of the stomach

64
Q

pyloric glands

A

located primarily in the pyloric antrum
secrete mucous and gastrin

65
Q

stomach glands are made up of

A

parietal cells
cief cells
enteroendocrine cells

66
Q

somatostatin

A

main regulator of gastric motility and acid secretion

67
Q

what is the main type of digestion in the stomach?

A

mechanical!

68
Q

stomach: digestion role

A
  1. initiates protein hydrolysis/degradation by releasing pesinogen
  2. limited continuation of starch hydrolysis
  3. limited lipolysis
  4. absorption of water, alcohol, and a few drugs and mineralas
  5. intrinsic factor release
69
Q

why is starch hydrolysis limited in stomach?

A

acid induced inactivation of saliary amylases limits starch digestion in the stomach

70
Q

gastric lipase in stomach digestion

A

limited lipolysis of short- and medium chain triglycerides (EX: ones in milk)

71
Q

only organ that releases intrinsic factor (IF)

A

stomach

72
Q

small intestine 3 regions

A

duodenum, ileum, jejunum

73
Q

small intestine: ileocecal sphincter

A

last segment of small intestine

74
Q

cecum

A

first segment of large intestine

75
Q

duodenum

A

receives secretions from gallbladder via common bile duct

76
Q

where do pancreatic secretions go in the small intestine?

A

pancreatic duct which drains to common bile duct

77
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

regulates flow of secretions into duodenum

78
Q

small intestine surface area

A

very large!

79
Q

small intestine mucosa and submucosa are arranged in circular folds called

A

folds of Kerckring
prutrude into lumen of small intestine

80
Q

villi

A

each villus is made of enterocytes (absorptive cells)

81
Q

folds of Kerckring are covered by

A

finger-like projections called villi

each villi has a capillary network and lymphatic vessel

82
Q

enterocytes

A

absorptive cells
covered with microvilli

83
Q

brush border is made up of

A

microvilli
impact nutrient absorption

84
Q

how does chyme move through the small intestine? (type1)

A

mixing movements: pushed back and forth within adjacent segments of intestine

circular muscles alternate contracting and relaxing

85
Q

chyme flow

A

bidirectional bc of segmentation contractions

86
Q

how does chyme move through the small intestine? (type 2)

A

propulsive movements: peristaltic waves
takes 3-5 hours for chyme to go from duodenum to ileocecal valve

87
Q

pathway of movement after entering large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. anal canal
88
Q

functions of colon:

A
  1. absorption of water and exchange of electrolytes (proximal half)
  2. storage of fecal amtter (distal half)
  3. habitat of gut microbiome
89
Q

movements of large intestine

A

slower, but similar to small intestine (mixing movememnts and propulsive movements)
takes 12-20 hours

90
Q

poor motility in colon leads to…

A

excessive absorption of water
hard feces, constipation

91
Q

excess motility in colon leads to…

A

less absorption of water and diarrhea

92
Q

mechanism of defacation

A

constriction of internal and external anal sphincter

93
Q

anal sphincters are made of

A

striated voluntary muscle

94
Q

external anal sphincter is control by which nervous system

A

nerve fibers from somatic nervous system
voluntary conscious/subconscious control

95
Q

intrinsic reflex of defecation

A
  1. feces enters rectum
  2. distention of rectal wall initiates peristaltic waves in descending colon (forces feces towards anus)
  3. internal anal sphincter releaxation
  4. if external anal sphincter is also voluntarily relaxed at the same time, defecation occurs
96
Q

parasympathetic defecation reflex

A

signals from sacral cord intensify the peristaltic waves and relax the internal anal sphincter

97
Q

what are the main anaotmical features of the esophagus?

A
98
Q

what are the main regions of the stomach?

A
99
Q

what are the main glands of the stomach?

A
100
Q

which are the main cells in the oxyntic gland and what coumpound/s they secrete?

A
101
Q

what are the main parts of the small intestine?

A
102
Q

what are the folded structures of the small intestine (i.e. villi) and what are the main functions?

A
103
Q

what are the main movements of the small intestine?

A
104
Q

what are the main parts of the large intestine?

A
105
Q

what are the main functions of the large intestine?

A
106
Q

which are the phases of the mechanism of defecation and how is it controlled??

A

Biochemical and Physiological Basis of Nutrition I: Macronutrients (12 decks)

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