9/12/22 Flashcards

1
Q

glucose-Na+ symport

A

drives active transport of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glucose-Na+ symport is highly effective in what state?

A

fasting state (low glucose load)
can get saturated when glucose load increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

glucose-Na+ symport works in what direction?

A

it is unidirectional
can’t release glucose from cell into extracellular space upon need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 problems of glucose-Na+ symport

A

1) gets saturated when glucose load increases
2) unidirectional: can’t release glucose from cell into extracellular space upon need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do we fix glucose-Na+ symport problems?

A

GLUT family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

uncoupling agents

A

make pores in cell membrane
dissipate proton gradient –> must spend more energy to restore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SGLT

A

sodium-glucose linked transporter
actively takes up glucose from gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

GLUT

A

glucose transporter
passively releases glucose for use by other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NaK pump in epithelial cells is found in

A

basolateral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Na promotes

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intestine transport

A

electrolytes and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do epithelia pump water

A

aquaporins, using passive diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CFTR main role

A

secretes chloride in intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CFTR direction

A

2 Cl- in, 1 Cl- out
Na+ follows Cl- out to balances out charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diarrhea is caused by

A

bacterial enterotoxins
EX: V. cholerae, E. coli, Yersinia, Salmonella

17
Q

Cholera

A

worldwide pandemic
bacteria spread through contaminated water supplies

18
Q

Toxigenic E. coli

A

proliferate in institutional settings and infect travelers abroad
promoted by two secretion-stimulating enterotoxins:
1. heat-labile
2. heat-stable

19
Q

heat-labile enterotoxin

A

similar to Cholera toxin
activates cAMP production

20
Q

heat-stable enterotoxin

A

STa
activates cGMP production

21
Q

treatment for acute diarrhea

A

oral rehydration (cheaper and simpler than IV rehydration)
during diarrhea, Cl- leaves, so Na+ can’t enter
TREATMENT: sodium + glucose + water
glucose drags Na+ into body (by SGLT symport)

22
Q

PGC

A

membrane-bound protein kinase G

23
Q

GC

A

guanylate cyclase

24
Q

guanylin

A

mammalian homolog of STa
physiologic agonist for STa-sensitive GC
stimulates HCO3- rich secretion in duodenum

25
cystic fibrosis characteristic symptom
salty sweat
26
cystic fibrosis exocrine gland secretion
1. NaCl + H2O secretion in gland 2. NaCl reabsorption along the duct 3. Hypotonic sweat (normal) [NaCl] < 60 mM
27
placental nutrient transport
changes directly contribute to altered fetal growth
28
altered fetal growth
1. risk factor for complications in perinatal period 2. main cause of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes in adult life
29
fetal growth is largely determined by...
nutrient supply
30
placental nutrient transporters are specifically regulated in BOTH...
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fetal overgrowth
31
reduced blood flow highly influences...
highly permeable molecules (EX: O2 and CO2)
32
human placenta expresses
more than 20 different amino acid transporters