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Biochemical and Physiological Basis of Nutrition I: Macronutrients > 9/19/22 > Flashcards

9/19/22 Flashcards

1
Q

mucus

A

composed of mucin, H2O, and bicarbonate (HCO3-), lubricates foods and protects mucosa (against super acids)

protects stomach w/ protein and water

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2
Q

intrinsic factor

A

needed for vitamin B12 absorption

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3
Q

enzymes

A

pepsin; gastric lipase

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4
Q

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A

facilitates digestion, protein degradation, and absorption of micronutrients

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5
Q

oxyntic gland

A

located in body and fundus
secretion: HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, histamine, somatostatin

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6
Q

pyloric gland

A

located in pyloric antrum (near pylorus, entry to duodenum)
secretion: mainly mucus. Also gastrin and somatostatin

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7
Q

parietal cell

A

secretes HCl, intrinsic factor

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8
Q

enterochromatin-like cell

A

secretes histamine (allergens, inflammation)

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9
Q

D cell

A

secretes somatostatin

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10
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

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11
Q

pepsinogen

A

a zymogen (inactive protease)
if not a zymogen, would digest everything
turned into pepsin (active form) in stomach lumen in response to H+

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12
Q

proteases role

A

break peptide bonds

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13
Q

gastric acid pH

A

2
same as lemon juice

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14
Q

gastric acid aka

A

HCl

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15
Q

gastric acid functions

A
  1. converting or activating pepsinogen to form pepsin
  2. denaturing proteins
  3. releasing various nutrients such as vitamins and minerals from organic complexes so absorption can occur
  4. acting as a bactericide agent (needed to kill bacteria ingested with food
  5. contains mucins
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16
Q

mucins

A

bind water and form gel: provide lubrication and protection

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17
Q

no parietal cells would lead to

A

no intrinsic factor, no vitamin B12 absorption

18
Q

parietal cell purpose

A

regulate acid secretion

19
Q

parietal cell phases

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
20
Q

cephalic phase of acid secretion

A
  1. think/smell/see food
  2. release ACh which sends signal to stomach to release Gastrin
21
Q

gastric phase of acid secretion

A
  1. stretching of stomach signals release of Gastrin
22
Q

intestinal phase of acid secretion

A

SST inhibits HCl
Secretin activates bicarbonate release

23
Q

chief cells secretions

A

pepsinogens I and II are secreted in granules into the gastric lumen by chief cells
main stimuli for secretion: acetylcholine, HCl, low pH

24
Q

pepsin role

A

chops proteins into aa

25
Q

GERD mechanism

A

increase pressure in stomach
opens lower vasovagal sphincter
esophagus pH is typically 7 but lowers to around 2 with GERD

26
Q

GERD causal factors

A

carminatives (spearmint, peppermint)
fatty foods
alcohol
smoking

27
Q

GERD pathway

A
  1. GERD
  2. Heartburn
  3. Esophagitis
  4. Ulcer
28
Q

GERD treatments

A
  1. smaller meals
  2. higher protein
  3. dairy
  4. antiacids
  5. fluid between meals
  6. avoid causal factors
29
Q

ACh pathway

A
  1. ACh causes gastrin release
  2. gastrin enters circulation and goes to bile cell
  3. acid release in stomach
30
Q

cause of stomach peptic ulcer

A

disruption of mucosa (very pH sensitive) of GI tract

31
Q

peptic ulcer causal factors

A
  1. gastric acid
  2. pepsin
  3. H. pylori (normal stomach bacteria)
  4. chronic uses of aspirin, alcohol, NSAIDs (ibuprofen)
32
Q

peptic ulcer treatments

A
  1. diet
  2. H2 receptor blockers (cimetidine, ranitidine)
  3. PPIs (omeprazole, esomeprazole)
33
Q

no gut microbiota =

A

no immune system

34
Q

gut microbiota functions

A
  1. maturation and education of host immune response
  2. protection against pathogen overgrowth
  3. influence host-cell proliferation and vascularization (create new and repair old blood vessels)
  4. regulate intestinal endocrine functions
  5. source of energy biogenesis (5-10% of daily host energy requirements
35
Q

other gut microbiota functions

A
  1. neurologic signaling and bone density
  2. biosynthesis of vitamins, NTs, and other bioactive compounds
  3. metabolism of bile salts, drugs and elimination of exogenous toxins
36
Q

microbial composition in GI tract

A

> 1000 different species, largely bacteria
1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. viruses
4. fungi/yeast
5. protozoa

37
Q

2 main phyla of gut bacteria

A

firmicutes
bacteriodetes
make up 90% of gut bacteria

38
Q

effects of maternal exposure on microbiome

A

environment
antisepsis
antibiotics
diet

39
Q

vertical transmission in early life of microbiome

A
  1. oral (pre-mastication of food)
  2. mammary (through brestfeeding, selection)
  3. cutaneous (contact with skin)
  4. vaginal (passage through birth canal
40
Q

where do most bacteria live in the body?

A

the colon!
why?
train immune system, breakdown food

Biochemical and Physiological Basis of Nutrition I: Macronutrients (12 decks)

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