PRC Flashcards
Where is the loop of henle located?
A. Cortex
B. Medulla
Medulla
Ultrafiltration of plasma occurs in glomeruli located in the renal____
A. Cortex
B. Medulla
Cortex
Average nephrons/ Kidney
A. 1 million
B. 1.3 million
1.3 million
Formation of the ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus is driven by
A. Oncotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Form the beginning of the venous renal circulation
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Vasa recta
Vasa recta
Urine formation begins in
A. Glomerulus
B. Renal Corpuscle
C. Both
Both
Ultrafiltration is
A. Mechanical
B. Chemical
Chemical
SG of the bowman’s capsule filtrate
A. 1.010
B. 1.015
1.010
Glomeruli is far more permeable to water and salt than other capillaries
A. True
B. False
True
The ability of a solute to cross the glomerular filtration barrier is determined by its plasma concentration
A. True
B. False
False
Acts as hormone and enzyme??
Renin
RAAS
A. Constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole
B. Triggers aldosterone and ADH release
Triggers aldosterone and ADH release
GFR is proportional to the body size and thus varies with age and sex
A. True
B. False
True
Clearance test sample
A. 24 urine
B. Blood
C. Both
Both
Sensitive indicator of renal disease, but is not specific for glomerular function
A. Urea
B. Cystatin C
Urea
Found in HLA; indicator of renal tubular integrity
A. Cystatin C
B. B2 Microglobulin
B2 Microglobulin
There is no dietary restriction for creatinine clearance
A. True
B. False
True
Creatinine is dependent on body mass
A. True
B. False
True
1440 mL in Creatinine clearance formula represents
A. Constant
B. Variable
Constant
> 140 mL/min creatinine clearance
A. Report as abnormal
B. Request a new sample
Request a new sample
Not part of Cockgroft and Gault formula
A. Age, Sex, and Body weight
B. Age, Sex, Race, and Body weight
Age, Sex, Race, and Body weight
70 mL/min GFR (below reference limit 90-120 mL/min)
A. Uremia
B. Not uremia
Not uremia
Columnar cells with brush border?
A. PCT
B. DCT
PCT
Renal medulla is
A. Hypertonic
B. Isotonic
C. Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Tonicity of renal medulla is maintained by:
A. Countercurrent exchange mechanism
B. Urea cycle
Urea cycle
The movement of a solute against a gradient
A. Needs carrier protein; cell membrane binding sites
B. Requires little to no energy
Needs carrier protein; cell membrane binding sites
Protein is seen in the urine when
A. Plasma concentration is low
B. Maximal reabsorption capacity for protein has been exceeded
Maximal reabsorption capacity for protein has been exceeded
Sodium renal threshold
A. 135 mmol/L
B. 120 mmol/L
120 mmol/L
Not a threshold substance
A. Amino acid
B. Potassium
Potassium
Mechanism for Nephron water reabsorption
A. Osmosis
B. Countercurrent multiplier
A. Osmosis
Impermeable to water
A. ALH
B. DLH
ALH
Countercurrent multiplication happens in what blood vessel?
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Vasa recta
Vasa recta
In Salt deprivation, the kidneys will conserve the sodium at the expense of
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
Potassium
Fluid that enters the collecting duct
A. Isosmotic
B. Hypoosmotic
C. Hyperosmotic
Isosmotic
Final concentration of the urine happens in
A. Collecting duct
B. DCT
DCT
Not capable of producing ADH
A. Neurogenic DI
B. Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI
The patient is deprived of fluid for 24h
A. Mosenthal
B. Fishberg
Fishberg
Osmole is one gram molecular weight of solute dissolved in one _____ of solvent
A. Liter
B. Kilogram
Kilogram
Contribute to SG but not osmolality
A. NaCL and Urea
B. Protein and Lipids
Protein and Lipids
Known standard in freezing point osmolality because it is partially ionized similar to the composition of urine
A. NaCl
B. Urea
NaCl
Affects freezing point osmolality but not vapor pressure osmolality
A. Alcohol
B. Protein
Alcohol
The difference between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
A. Direction of movement of substance
B. Cell membrane-binding sites are different for the reabsorption and secretion of a solute
Direction of movement of substance
What is the response of the kidney when correcting pH to normal?
A. Rapid
B. Slow
Slow
In alkalosis (excess alkali) urine excrete
A. Ammonium ion
B. Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
In RTA, urine is consistently
A. Acidic
B. Alkalinic
Alkalinic
Titratable acid
A. Hydrogen phosphate
B. Ammonia
Hydrogen phosphate
Safety procedure manuals - must be updated and reviewed ____ by the laboratory____?
Annually, Director
Primary objective of biologic safety is preventing the ______ of the chain of infection?
Completion
Best way to break the chain of infection?
Hand washing
If hands are not visibly soiled, one should do/apply?
Sanitizer / Alcohol
Gloves for latex allergy?
non-latex gloves (vinyl, etc.
Gloves and gown should always be STERILIZED
True
False
False
Last PPE to be removed?
Mask
Where should the urine be disposed?
Urine - Sink
Container - Non-biohazard
All patients are considered to be possible carriers of bloodborne pathogens?
Universal Precaution
What is the disadvantage of BSI (Body Substance isolation)
?
Major source of safety info?
MSDS
Radiation exposure
?
First action to do when someone is in electric shock?
?
What hazard is closed-toed shoes?
?
What is E in RACE
Evacuate / Extinguish
Extinguisher for burning computer?
?
Best extinguisher for Type A materials?
Water
Proper storage for materials with LOW FLASH POINT?
Cold
PDCA stands for
Plan
Do
Check
Act
Refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality patient care and is regulated throughout total testing system?
?
Refers to all of the laboratory’s policies, processes, procedures and resources needed to achieve quality testing
?
What variable is technical competence (pre-examination, examination, or post-examination) is defined as the amount of time required from the point at which a test is ordered by the health-care provider until the results are reported to the health-care provider?
?
Reagent strips should be checked against known negative and positive control every?
?
Calibration of centrifuge performed every ____
3 months
Refers to the materials, procedures, and techniques that monitor the accuracy, precision and reliability of a laboratory test:
?
Is the ability to maintain both precision and accuracy?
Reliability
An abrupt change in the mean?
Shift
Ultimate goal of a quality assessment program
A. Ensure the validity of laboratory results
B. Ensure that patient test results are precise
Ensure that patient test results are precise
Turnaround time is part of
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Pre-analytic
Setting collection guideline is part of
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Pre-analytic
Analytical component
A. Testing of specimen
B. Collecting specimen
Testing of specimen
A protocol for the way to proceed when quality control results exceed acceptable tolerance limits
A. Reference book
B. Procedure
Procedure
Interlaboratory comparison?
A. Evaluate the technical performance of individual laboratory practitioners
B. Evaluate the performance of a laboratory compared with that of other laboratories
Evaluate the performance of a laboratory compared with that of other laboratories
Technical competence is displayed when a laboratory practitioner
A. Independently reduces the time needed to perform a procedure (e.g. by decreasing incubation times
B. Recognizes discrepant test results
Recognizes discrepant test results
Critical values:
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Post analytic
Bacteria are introduced at the time of collection?
A. No effect
B. Increase pH
No effect
A urine specimen is dark orange and turns brown after storage in the refrigerator overnight. The technologist requests a new specimen. the second specimen is bright orange and is tested immediately. Which test result would differ between the two specimens?
A. Specific gravity
B. Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen
Urine pH: 8
SG: 1.005
(+) Blood
(-) RBC
A. Lysis due alkalinization
B. Hemolytic disease
Lysis due alkalinization
The ultrafiltrate has the same composition as blood plasma but it is normally free of ______
A. Protein
B. Creatine
Protein
Total renal blood flow:
A. 1500 ml/min
B. 1200 ml/min
1200 ml/min
Percent of glomerular filtrate that is actually excreted as Urine
A. 1%; 1 ml/min
B. 2%; 1 ml/min
1%; 1 ml/min
Largest component of urine
A. Urea and NaCl
B. Water
Water
Major end product of protein amino acid metabolism
A. Ammonia
B. Urea
Urea
*ammonia - deamination
Present in much higher concentration in urine than in other body fluids
A. Urea and NaCl
B. Urea and Creatinine
Urea and Creatinine
Consistent elimination of 2000ml urine per 24h
A. Normal
B. Polyuria
Polyuria
Specimen should be delivered and tested
A. 1 hr
B. 2 hrs
2 hrs
Alkalinization of urine is due to
A. Conversion of Urea to Ammonia
B. Loss of bicarbonate to urine
Conversion of Urea to Ammonia
Preservation for urine bacterial culture
A. Boric acid
B. Refrigeration
C. Both
Both
An excellent sediment preservation
A. Formalin
B. Saccamano
Formalin
Specimen of choice for cytology
A. First morning urine
B. Random urine
Random urine
Representative of actual urine
A. First morning
B. Midstream clean catch
Midstream clean catch
3 Glass collection technique: 2nd tube is positive for bacteria
A. Invalid result
B. UTI
Invalid result
Drug specimen is out of range, what is the first thing to do?
A. Recorded and reported
B. Requested a new sample
Recorded and reported
For color and clarity
A. White background and good light source
B. Dark background and good light source
White background and good light source
Reflects urine concentration
A. Color
B. Clarity
Color
Increase urochrome except:
A. After meal
B. Long standing specimen
C. Hyperthyroidism
After meal
A single substance can impart different colors to urine depending on the:
A. Amount of the substance present
B. Storage conditions of the urine
C. pH of the urine
D. Structural form of the substance
E. AOTA
AOTA
Which among the ff. is a mismatch:
A. Urobilinogen - colorless
B. Bilirubin - Deep yellow
C. Blood - amber
D. Homogentisic acid - Black
Blood - amber
Visible particulate matter and through which newsprint can be seen but not read
A. Turbid
B. Cloudy
Cloudy
The ff. is pathologic cause of turbidity, except
A. Yeast
B. Bacteria (Fresh urine)
C. Bacteria (Old urine)
Bacteria (Old urine)
Soluble in ether
A. Lymph
B. Lipids
C. Chyle
D. AOTA
AOTA
SG measurements are not affected by:
A. Solute mass and number
B. Temperature
C. Solute charge
Solute charge
Indirect measurement of Density
A. Urinometry and Harmonic oscillation densitometry
B. Refractometry and reagent strip
Refractometry and reagent strip
Renal failure
A. Isosthenuria
B. Hyposthenuria
Isosthenuria
SG: 1.001
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Not a urine
Not a urine
SG: >1.040
A. Radiographic dye and Plasma expanders
B. Mannitol
C. Both a and B
Both a and B
Refractive index of a solution is affected by
A. Wavelength of light
B. Size and number of solutes/concentration of solution
C. Temperature of the solution
D. AOTA
AOTA
The ff. is true about Refractometry except:
A. 1 to 2 drops urine can be used
B. Fast and easy to perform
C. Measures only ionic solutes
D. No need for temperature correction
Measures only ionic solutes
Increase Refractometry but not Osmolality
A. After injection with intravenous pyelogram
B. Uremia
After injection with intravenous pyelogram
the pKa of a polyelectrolyte is ______ in proportion to the ionic concentration of the specimen
A. Decreasing
B. Increasing
Decreasing
Ketoacidosis:
A. False positive/high urine reagent strip for pH
B. False negative/low urine reagent strip of pH
False positive/high urine reagent strip for pH
pH reagent strip is affected by the ff.
A. Glucose
B. Alkaline urine
C. Radiographic dye
Alkaline urine
Normal urine odor
A. Ammoniacal
B. Fragrant
C. Both a and b
Fragrant
Important electrolyte in duodenum
Bicarbonate
HCO3
Affected when urine is unmixed prior to reagent strip application
A. RBC
B. WBC
C. Both a and b
Both a and b
Reagent strip deteriorates with the ff. except
A. Moisture
B. Heat
C. Lights
D. NOTA
NOTA
Reagent strip should be stored in?
A. Refrigeration
B. Freezer
C. Room temp
Room temp
Reagent strip quality control should be done
A. Daily
B. Once each shift by laboratories
Daily
Almost all glucose is filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed ________ by the tubules
A. Actively
B. Passively
Actively
Pregnancy due to lowering of renal threshold
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Renal Glycosuria
Renal Glycosuria
Pancreatitis with increase urine amylase and serum amylase
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Renal glycosuria
Hyperglycemia
Glucose specificity in reagent strip is due to
A. Peroxidase
B. Glucose oxidase
C. Both
Glucose oxidase
For infants with inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism
A. Benedict’s method
B. Glucose reagent strip
Benedict’s method
Copper reduction/ reducing test is a confirmatory test for glucose reagent strip:
A. True
B. False
False
Detected by Blood reagent strip except
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria and Myoglobinuria
C. Urine Hemosiderin
D. NOTA
Urine Hemosiderin
Assoc. to acute renal failure
A. Myoglobin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Hematuria
Myoglobin
Rules out intravascular hemolysis
A. Normal haptoglobin
B. Low haptoglobin
Normal haptoglobin
Microscopy: 6-10 RBC/hpf
Reagent strip: Negative for blood
A. Hematuria
B. Discrepancy
Discrepancy
After blondheim’s test, which will stay in the supernatant?
A. Hemoglobin
B. Myoglobin
Myoglobin
Most useful in the detection of UTI
A. LE
B. Nitrite
LE
2-5 WBC / hpf
A. Detected by LE
B. Not detected by LE
Not detected by LE
LE negative
A. Neutrophil and monocytes
B. Trichomonas
C. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
pH 9
A. Reject, presence of detergent
B. Metabolic alkalosis
Reject, presence of detergent
pH 4
A. Contamination
B. Cranberry juice
Contamination
Increase water ingestion modifies pH
A. True
B. False
False
Indicators in pH reagent strip
A. Methyl red and bromthymol blue
Methyl red and bromphenol blue
Methyl red and bromthymol blue
Principle of Protein
A. Albumin accept H+, changing the pH
B. Protein cause pH change on the reagent pad
Albumin accept H+, changing the pH
