Praxis Practice Test Deck 6

Question 1

You are asked to evaluate a new cognitive abilities screening test for your school. In the technical
manual, you notice the full-scale standard score of the new test has a statistical correlation of 0.68
with another well-respected cognitive test. Given these details, you can make which of the
following assumptions?
A. The new test has acceptable reliability
B. The new test has unacceptable reliability
C. The new test shows a moderate effect size
D. The new test shows moderate convergent validity

Answer 1

D. The first two choices are not valid responses to this question because reliability involves the
consistency of scores and performance across time. One method of determining validity is found
by comparing a test to another test that measures the same underlying trait. It is important to
understand the difference between validity and reliability. Foundations of School Psychological
Service Delivery

Question 2

Brooke is a first-year psychologist practicing in a small public school district. A struggling teacher
asks Brooke for a consultation regarding effective teaching practices. During her consultation,
Brooke should not make which of the following statements to the teacher?
A. Try activating students’ prior knowledge before teaching new concepts
B. Provide corrective feedback to students during frequent practice sessions
C. Give additional homework items when new concepts are introduced
D. Try to place new concepts within the students’ zone of proximal development

Answer 2

C. All of the other choices are valid responses. Choice “C” might be a common practice, but the
research regarding homework is variable and is not the best response given the other choices for
this test question. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 3

Student learning develops as targeted skills progress through phases. Which of the following
processes is an accurate depiction of student learning?
A. Acquisition → proficiency → generalization → adaptation
B. Acquisition → practice → generalization → adaptation
C. Acquisition → proficiency → application → adaptation
D. Practice → proficiency → generalization → adaptation

Answer 3

A. The terms practice and application are not valid terms for this question. The previous terms are
found in the other choices and therefore are not valid responses. Direct and Indirect Services for
Children, Families, and Schools

Question 4

Best practices in pedagogy involve which of the following broad concepts?
A. Explicit and incremental approach to presenting information
B. Explicit and systematic approach to presenting information
C. Repetition and practice of new information
D. Exposure and rehearsal of new concepts

Answer 4

B. This question is difficult to answer because it is specific. Key terms to remember are explicit
and systematic. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 5

An effective high school teacher is able to respond to the individualized needs and abilities of all
learners. Other staff observe this teacher to improve their practices. Which of the following
important pedagogy concepts is the teacher using?
A. Small-group instruction
B. Individualized instruction
C. Differentiated instruction
D. Cooperative learning

Answer 5

C. When teachers differentiate instruction, they directly address the individual differences,
abilities, and needs of individual learners. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and
Schools

Question 6

In addition to student motivation, school climate, and school policies, what is another factor in student success or failure?
A. Family involvement
B. Socioeconomic status (SES)
C. Family dynamics
D. Standardized curriculum

Answer 6

A. Although other choices are valid and might be good responses, the best response would be choice “A.” Family involvement and educational support provided by parents can offset factors such as those associated with socioeconomic status (SES). Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools and Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 7

A middle school administrator calls the school psychologist into a conference with a student’s parents at the end of the school year. The student in question has been struggling this year and has failed most classes. On state assessments, the student has scored significantly below the standards for her grade level. The parents are worried about moving their daughter to high school if she does not have the academic skills and she is not adequately prepared. What would be a good recommendation for the school psychologist to make?
A. Administer the Light’s Retention Scale to see if the student qualifies for grade retention
B. Recommend remediation in core subject areas at the high school and allow the student to take a few elective courses
C. Seek additional information to determine whether other factors are involved in the student’s struggles that may necessitate Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) or special education services
D. Recommend summer school to make up for failed courses instead of grade retention

Answer 7

C. Grade retention in general is not an endorsed practice. Although “D” is a good choice, it should
be only given after additional information is gathered on the problem. Systems-Level Services and
Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 8

Which of the following choices are not typically associated with schoolwide zero-tolerance
policies?
A. Racial disproportionality
B. An increasing incidence of suspensions and expulsions
C. Elevated dropout rates
D. Behavioral management

Answer 8

D. “D” is an invalid response item. All other choices are correct responses. Remember, the role of
school is to educate students, not punish them harshly. Systems-Level Services and Direct and
Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 9

Cooperative learning is an effective teaching method. A chief benefit of cooperative learning is:
A. Students increase their prosocial skills
B. Students increase their own learning by helping others and gain a greater understanding of
individual learning differences
C. Cooperative learning techniques are more time efficient than other teaching methods
D. Cooperative learning increases empathy as well as academic skills

Answer 9

B. “B” is the best choice because it includes both an increase in personal learning and knowledge
of other skills. “A” is also a good choice, but it does not include an increase in academic skills.
Choice “C” is not necessarily accurate because some cooperative lessons are more time intensive
than other methods. Option “D” is a good response, but research related to cooperative learning
does not necessarily focus on increasing empathy. Direct and Indirect Services for Children,
Families, and Schools

Question 10

Although token economies are effective systems to use in behavioral modification programs, what
is a complaint often stated by teachers regarding these methods?
A. Token economies need relevant reinforcers to work effectively
B. Token economies are generally effective for younger elementary students, not older students
C. Token economies are sometimes cumbersome to implement and maintain
D. Token economies do not maintain the target behavior once withdrawn

Answer 10

C. Token economies are effective in changing behaviors, but busy teachers have difficulty
collecting data and rewarding students immediately after a desired behavior. Token economies are
effective with all ages and are typically not too expensive to employ. If fading is done properly
with a cognitive component, then the target behavior can be maintained after tokens are
withdrawn. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 11

A teacher who typically gives students large projects and assignments asks the school psychologist for help with two struggling students. The students are well behaved and do well in other classes, but they have difficulty completing work in her class. The psychologist’s observation and recommendation should include which of the following?
A. A task analysis to recommend where to break larger tasks into smaller steps
B. A time interval observation and recommendation to the school’s Multi-Tiered System of
Support (MTSS) process
C. The psychologist should review academic records first, and then consult with the teacher
D. A narrative observation and recommendation to the school’s response to intervention (RTI) process

Answer 11

A. The keywords in the question are large projects. If students do not have problems in other classes and behavior is not a concern, then it should be suspected that the students have difficulty with long, complicated information or tasks. A task analysis is a critical component that is necessary to know where to break assignments into easier steps. Referral to the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) or response to intervention (RTI) process is generally an involved
process. A full intervention program, such as RTI, may not be appropriate in this situation if a simple fix will suffice. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools and Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 12

A second-grade teacher asks you to help with a student named Amy. Amy needs to develop her
reading skills. The teacher stated that Amy is a fluent reader, but her comprehension is below her
peers. Which comprehension reading strategy would you recommend?
A. Lindamood-Bell Reading Intervention
B. Survey, question, read, recite, and review (SQ3R)
C. Wilson Reading Remediation Program
D. Woodcock–Johnson Reading Intervention Program

Answer 12

B. SQ3R stands for survey, question, read, recite, and review. This method asks the reader to
activate his or her prior knowledge of the text and to create questions before reading. The previous
steps increase metacognition and comprehension. Lindamood-Bell and Wilson programs are wellknown reading interventions but are not necessarily focused on reading comprehension as is
SQ3R. Also, psychologists initially recommend specific strategies for particular learning
difficulties rather than comprehensive remediation programs. Direct and Indirect Services for
Children, Families, and Schools

Question 13

What is an example of an accommodation for a student who struggles with reading?
A. Having the student point to pictures of answers instead of writing answers about an assigned
reading text
B. Having the student take a reading test that is more aligned with his or her level of reading
C. Allowing extra time for the student to read a text during assignments or tests
D. Allowing the student to read books at his or her level of cognitive ability

Answer 13

C. It is important to know the difference between an accommodation and remediation.
Remediation typically changes the task or level of curriculum, whereas accommodation changes
the environment and/or conditions under which the task is completed. However, there is some
debate about the exact nature of these concepts. Allowing for extra time does not change the
academic task to be completed, but rather it accommodates for the time in which it must be
finished. If you allow a student to read a lower level passage, this intervention changes the task
that is required to be completed by other students. Answer “A” might be construed as a writing
intervention, not a reading accommodation. Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families,
and Schools

Question 14

According to cognitive behavioral theorists, learning is supported by mental representations of
new concepts merging with a person’s existing mental concepts. In this example, existing mental
concepts are called:
A. Visualizations
B. Neurocognitive representations
C. Imprints
D. Schemata

Answer 14

D. This answer is straightforward. All other choices are invalid. Direct and Indirect Services for
Children, Families, and Schools and Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 15

When engaged in a professional consultation situation, which of the following personality traits are important elements for success?
A. Empathy and trustworthiness
B. Expertise and knowledge
C. Knowledgeable and professional
D. Efficient and respectful

Answer 15

A. Although all the other choices are valid, the best choice would be option “A.” The keywords in the question are “personality traits.” As Carl Rogers states, the ability to develop trust in both counseling and consultation situations is the foundation for success. Choices “B” and “C” are more aligned with skills rather than personality traits. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 16

A psychologist is asked to collaborate and consult on a student with behavioral problems in the classroom. What are the basic steps of the Behavioral Model of consultation?
A. Consult with stakeholders—create a plan—implement the plan—evaluate the plan
B. Consult with stakeholders—create a plan—implement the plan—monitor the plan
C. Identify the problem—implement a plan—monitor the plan—evaluate the plan
D. Identify the problem—consult with stakeholders—implement a plan—evaluate the plan

Answer 16

C. This is one of those seemingly simple questions that takes time to answer. Although all choices may seem valid, it is critical to identify and define the problem first. A problem must be circumscribed to better focus on the consultation conversation and interventions within a behavioral plan. The first two choices do not contain the “identification” term and therefore are not
appropriate responses. Choice “D” is close, but does not have the critical “monitor” phase of the model. For the exam, it is important to be familiar with behavioral models, mental health models, instructional models, and organizational models of consultation. As mentioned previously, models that focus on building the consultee’s skills (indirect consultee-centered model) is an endorsed practice. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 17

Which model of consultation focuses on building the teacher’s skills to address student problems in the future?
A. Consultee-centered model
B. Student-centered model
C. Strength-based model
D. Client-centered model

Answer 17

A. “Consultee” is a term that generally describes the teacher. The consultee-centered model is a favored model of consultation because it allows the teacher to solve future problems once skills are developed. Note: In a “client-centered” model of consultation, the client is a student. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 18

You are asked to help address a kindergartener’s difficult behavior. The teacher is new and you decide to address the problem yourself. You directly teach the student self-regulation skills. In this particular case, you are engaged in which type of consultation model?
A. Consultee-centered model
B. Student-centered model
C. Strength-based model
D. Client-centered model

Answer 18

D. When the consultant provides direct services to the client (e.g., student), this is an example of the client model. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery and Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 19

Case example for questions 80 to 83: A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school
psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with
his peers, teases girls in class, and he is frequently off-task.

In this example, you decide to call a meeting for all relevant parties such as the teacher, parents,
and administrator. This type of special consultation is called a:
A. Conjoint behavioral consultation
B. Client-centered consultation
C. Consultee-centered consultation
D. Multisystemic consultation

Answer 19

A. In the conjoint behavioral model, the focus is on the behavior of the student and the
consultation involves a joint effort among all parties. Choice “D” may sound valid, but it is a
fictitious term. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 20

Case example for questions 80 to 83: A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with
his peers, teases girls in class, and he is frequently off-task.

During your consultation with the staff and parents, your first step is to do what?
A. Review Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) data on the problem
B. Define the problem as specifically as possible
C. Review interventions that have been previously implemented
D. Review the student’s records

Answer 20

B. The behavioral consultation model starts with clearly defining the problem. Once a problem behavior is defined, the next steps can be implemented, such as data collection and creating a plan. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 21

Case example for questions 80 to 83: A first-grade teacher asks for a consultation with the school
psychologist. The teacher is concerned about a student named Jack. Jack has difficulty interacting with
his peers, teases girls in class, and he is frequently off-task.

All of the following are common barriers to effective consultation except:
A. Adversarial relationship with outside agencies
B. Communication difficulties among parties involved in the consultation situation
C. Unclear or unfocused goals
D. Financial and time considerations

Answer 21

D. There are many barriers to effective consultation and other professional relationships that
school psychologists face. The first three are valid choices. Consultation sometimes involves a
heavy time commitment for all parties involved; however, school psychological consultations do
not directly cost money for parents or teachers. Financial considerations are not typical concerns in
most cases. Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 22

Of all the consultation models, which model is generally considered a best-practice model?
A. Conjoint behavioral consultation
B. Client-centered consultation
C. Consultee-centered consultation
D. Multisystemic consultation

Answer 22

C. Teaching other staff members how to solve problems for themselves is an effective and timeefficient practice in the long term. Consultee-centered models are endorsed by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). Professional Practices, Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery

Question 23

When is it legal to disclose the confidential records of a student to a third party (e.g., outside the
school)?
A. When a medical doctor requests student records and a student health issue exists
B. When your school administrator directs you to disclose confidential records
C. When you are ordered to do so by a police officer
D. When there is a safety issue involved

Answer 23

D. The first two choices are invalid as the student’s parents or guardian must also give permission
to disclose confidential records as indicated in the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
(FERPA). Note that in option “A,” a health issue could be mild and not serious. If a health issue is
serious, then it would be appropriate to disclose student information. Choice “C” is a more
difficult consideration, but a police officer cannot make a psychologist disclose confidential
information that may not be pertinent to a situation at hand. Only a judge (not law enforcement)
can order the release of student records without parent permission, unless there is an immediate
danger issue. Answer “D” involves safety and harm, which always trumps confidentiality laws.
Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 24

You are a school psychologist employed by a large public school district. A portion of this school
district is very wealthy. During the summer months when the schools are closed, a parent asks you
to complete a full cognitive assessment for her child. The parent needs a full-scale cognitive test
score so she can register her son at a private school. The parent is willing to pay you for your
service. What should you do in this situation?
A. Refer the parent to the school psychologist at the student’s home school
B. A psychologist can accept this work if he or she is licensed and qualified to do so as a private
practitioner
C. Inform the parents that the service she seeks is provided free of charge by the public school
district her son attends
D. A school psychologist cannot accept this type of work

Answer 24

B. If the psychologist in this situation is qualified and licensed to engage in private practice, then
she can accept this type of work. One of the reasons this type of private practice work is ethical to
accept is because public school districts are not required to test students who do not have
suspected problems. If the student had a suspected disability, then the psychologist might not be
able to accept this work because such issues are covered by public schools. School psychologists
in private practice can test students for a variety of reasons, such as applications to a private
school. Ethical questions can be very difficult to answer, so it is important to review the ethical
guidelines of the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). Foundations of School
Psychological Service Delivery

Question 25

What is the appropriate number of interns that a school psychologist supervisor can oversee?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Answer 25

B. The answer to this question is straightforward. The National Association of School
Psychologists (NASP) recommends that supervisors manage no more than two interns at a time.
Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 26

Jackie is a school psychologist who has been practicing for 3 years. She shares a job with another
psychologist named Mike. Jackie recently discovered that Mike has been giving money to other
staff for referrals to his private counseling practice. Many of the students Mike counsels for a fee
are regular education students at the high school. What should Jackie do in this situation?
A. File a grievance with National Association of School Psychologists’ (NASP) ethical board
B. Inform the school’s administrator
C. Discuss the situation with Mike directly and file a grievance if the practice does not cease
D. Remind Mike that support services can be provided for free by the school

Answer 26

C. In cases that do not involve danger or safety, practitioners should try to solve the problem at the
lowest level possible, but they are obligated to file a formal complaint if the issue is not resolved.
Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 27

When a formal ethical complaint is filed against a National Association of School Psychologists
(NASP) member, the NASP can take several potential actions. Which one of the following actions
is not valid?
A. Expel the member from the NASP
B. Recommend to the member to seek additional training and skill building
C. Require the member to provide a formal apology
D. Revoke the license of the practitioner

Answer 27

D. Only state authorities can revoke the license of a legally licensed practitioner. Although the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) has authority that governs membership privileges, it does not have law enforcement powers. Foundations of School Psychological Service
Delivery

Question 28

Aversive behavior modification techniques and restraining are legal in many states. What is
considered best practice regarding aversive techniques such as restraining?

A. It is best practice not to employ aversive techniques in any situation
B. Aversive techniques should only be employed when safety is an issue
C. Only use aversive techniques if such techniques comply with strict state laws and regulations
and the staff member is properly trained
D. It is best practice to rarely use aversive techniques and on a case-by-case basis

Answer 28

B. Although aversive techniques should be avoided, there are some circumstances that involve
safety in which such techniques are appropriate. For example, a student is actively cutting himself
in your office and you must physically restrain the child for his safety. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 29

During a confidential counseling situation, a high school student informs you that his uncle uses
illegal drugs. The uncle does not live with the student, but visits the student monthly. What should
you do as the school’s psychologist?
A. You should ask the student more questions to determine whether the student is in danger
B. You should notify law enforcement
C. You should consult with social services, without using names, to secure guidance about what
you should do and to stay in compliance with local laws
D. You are not required to do anything since there is no immediate danger. It is best practice to
call the parents, with student approval, and discuss the situation openly

Answer 29

C. Although choice “A” is also a valid response, to make sure you are following state laws regarding child abuse reporting, it is good practice to seek consultation with a state agency while
maintaining anonymity for the student. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery and Direct and Indirect Services for Children, Families, and Schools

Question 30

A student who receives special education services brought a knife to school. The student claims that he forgot the pocket knife was in his backpack, which he had taken on a fishing trip with his
father over the weekend. It is important to note that the student has been suspended earlier this
year for bullying issues. In the current situation, the student was suspended for 10 days. What
violation of this student’s rights occurred?
A. A special education student cannot be removed from school for more than 10 days
B. A special education student cannot be suspended for more than 7 consecutive days without a
manifestation review
C. A special education student must have a special review meeting if suspended 10 days or more
D. Special education students cannot be expelled or suspended for more than 10 days, but they
can be enrolled in another school that better addresses their needs

Answer 30

C. Special education students can be suspended, but if the suspension totals more than 10 days, a review meeting must be held to determine whether the behavior plan is appropriate and other
needs of the student are being properly addressed. Foundations of School Psychological Service
Delivery

Question 31

A student is receiving special education services for a mild dyscalculia disability. The special education team leader has placed this student in a class designed for students with significant math needs. The special education teacher reasons that it is better to “overserve” a student with mild
needs than it is to underserve such students. In this case, which legal aspect of special education law does the teacher run the risk of violating?
A. Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
B. Least-Restrictive Environment
C. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
D. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Answer 31

B. Least restrictive environment (LRE) is a legal clause within the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA) that states, “To the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities
should be educated with children who are not disabled, and special classes, separate schooling, or
other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment should occur
only when the nature or severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the
use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.” Note all other choices
are related to special education law. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 32

Which law mandates that schools must keep strict and confidential records?
A. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
B. Federal Education Confidentiality Law of 1974
C. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
D. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA 2004)

Answer 32

C. Choice “C” is correct. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) was created to safeguard educational records. Note that FERPA was established in 1974 and option B was an
invalid distracter. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 33

According to the law, what is the primary difference between special education law (Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]) and Section 504?
A. Functionally, there is no difference as both laws regulate services for students with disabilities
B. Section 504 is for students who have physical disabilities, not learning disabilities
C. Section 504 is for students who have handicaps diagnosed by medical professionals
D. Section 504 is a part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that prohibits discrimination based on disability

Answer 33

D. Section 504 is an anti discrimination, civil rights statute and contains a broad definition for the terms handicap or disability. Special education laws, such as Individuals with Disabilities
Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), have narrow definitions of disability and more specific
criteria that must be met to be identified with a particular disability compared to Section 504. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 34

A parent of a sixth-grade student is suing a school district because the school psychologist tested
the student 3 years back without parental consent. At the time of the initial evaluation, the
psychologist called and left several messages for the parent asking her to provide consent for the
child’s triennial review (reevaluation), but the parent never returned the calls. The calls were
documented in the student’s file. At a subsequent meeting, the parent was concerned about the testing, but she allowed services to continue for another 2 years. What is the most likely reason the
parent’s lawsuit will not succeed?
A. The parents were informed of their rights at the meeting 3 years ago
B. The student did not demonstrate harm from the services provided
C. You do not need parental consent to test for triennial reviews
D. The psychologist made documented attempts to contact the parents and proceeded with
typical services

Answer 34

D. As with many legal questions, the answer to this question can be debated. If a psychologist makes documented “good-faith” efforts to contact a parent for a student’s reevaluation, then the psychologist may proceed cautiously if parent contact fails. Additionally, the parent’s complaint takes place 3 years after the event, but the law only provides a 2-year window to file a complaint.
When answering legal or ethical questions, look for the best answer and be aware that some response choices will have elements of truth in them. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 35

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA 2004), how much time does a special education team have to complete a formal evaluation if signed permission to proceed with an evaluation has been provided?
A. 45 days
B. 60 days
C. 30 days
D. 90 days

Answer 35

B. The answer to this question is factual and straightforward. Once a parent signs permission to evaluate, the special education team has 60 days to complete the evaluation. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 36

Although the roots of school psychology date back to the late 1800s, the first school psychologist was officially recognized in 1915. Pioneers in school psychology developed and used assessments
to evaluate development in children. Of the options provided, who is considered the first school psychologist?
A. Arnold Gesell
B. B. F. Skinner
C. Carl Young
D. Charles Spearman

Answer 36

A. Gesell is widely regarded as the first school psychologist, whereas Witmer is known as the father of school psychology. All of the other choices provided are famous experts in related
psychological fields. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 37

The field of psychology has grown increasingly more scientific since its origins over 100 years ago. Psychometric testing, which scientifically measures human traits, has helped to establish psychology as a legitimate discipline. Despite its roots in science, psychology is not without controversy. A famous psychological researcher, known for his work in behavioral genetics, was criticized for his assertion that intelligence has a strong genetic basis. Who was this famous psychological expert?
A. Raymond Cattell
B. Charles Spearman
C. David Wechsler
D. Arthur Jensen

Answer 37

D. Jensen is a prominent contributor to the field of psychology as it relates to intelligence. Jensen received some controversial criticism for his work, but current mainstream theory holds to his view that there is a genetic component to intelligence. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 38

A rural school district has two curriculum tracks. One track is for college-bound students and one track is for vocational training. The vocational track is typically for students with limited financial means. This school district was sued because it violated the law regarding ability of tracking
students and denying access to courses for some students. In the final legal decision, the judge based his opinion on which landmark case?
A. Diane v. State Board of Education
B. Brown v. Board of Education
C. Hobson v. Hansen
D. Larry v. Riles

Answer 38

C. In the case of Hobson v. Hansen, the court ruled that schools must provide equal educational opportunities despite a family’s socioeconomic status (SES). Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery

Question 39

A district-level school psychologist is asked to lead a threat assessment on a high school student.
The student was caught at school with pepper spray and a list of students targeted for revenge. The
threat assessment team was thorough during the inquiry and confidential student information was
shared with the administration and law enforcement. Parents were not present during the student of
concern interview. Because a violent incident was averted and strict disciplinary action was taken
against the student of concern, the parents of the targeted students were not notified. What
potential legal violation is involved in this situation?
A. Since law enforcement was given confidential student information, Family Educational
Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) may have been violated
B. A duty-to-warn infraction occurred
C. Informed consent by the parents was not secured before the threat assessment
D. A psychologist cannot conduct a threat assessment on a student without the student’s parents
or legal representation present

Answer 39

B. Anytime safety or danger is an issue, confidentiality laws are trumped. Parents do not need to give consent or be present in a student interview if other students are in danger. However, if a list
was found with student names on it and a weapon was found, the parents of the students who were listed must be notified. Precedent for this situation is based on the Tarasoff case. Foundations of School Psychological Service Delivery