Major Types of Individual Counseling Flashcards
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
based on the premise that thoughts influence feelings and ultimately control behavior. CBT is one of the most highly effective interventions supported by research. Practitioners typically intervene with a student’s faulty beliefs (cognition) and role-play appropriate behaviors for given situations.
Cognitive therapy
This therapy is related to reality therapy, which was developed by William Glasser. Cognitive therapy’s emphasis is on cognition and beliefs. Behavioral interventions, although important, are not the focus with this type of counseling. The psychologist tries to get the student to understand and think about the connection between behaviors and consequences.
Solution-focused counseling
This type of counseling incorporates CBT principles, but it is typically very brief and focused on stated outcomes.
Behavioral and behaviorism techniques
Behavioral interventions focus less on counseling and more on direct behavioral interventions. Behaviorism is favored by most schools because it is highly practical and forms the basis of an FBA. B. F. Skinner is regarded as the father of behaviorism and he placed an emphasis on the consequences of behavior. Skinnerian approaches believe that most behavior is shaped and maintained by the consequences that follow one’s actions.
Humanistic approaches
Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, behavioral change cannot occur without a strong positive rapport built on unconditional positive regard and empathy. Students want to be understood by a trusted adult before they can move to change their lives.
Bibliotherapy
Bibliotherapy is a type of cognitive intervention. The therapist generally uses a student’s own problem-solving skills and attempts to have the student relate to a character in a story to learn a lesson or skill that will be applicable to the student’s current situation. It is important to consider a student’s level of cognitive ability when implementing this type of intervention.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
DBT is a type of a cognitive behavioral approach that is designed to build specific skills to help students cope with various stressors. DBT attempts to build skills related to four primary areas: mindfulness, stress tolerance, interpersonal skills (assertiveness), and emotional regulation.
Motivational interviewing
This is a student-centered, goal-oriented approach that is designed to increase intrinsic motivation of the student to accomplish positive personal outcomes.
Behaviorists use the Premack Principle to modify behavior
This principle emphasizes that a desirable task can reinforce a lower-level task. For example, a child may eat a cookie (higher level task) after he or she finishes homework (lower level task).
Social learning theory
states that people learn not only through reinforcers and punishers (i.e., B. F. Skinner’s behaviorism), but also through observation. Albert Bandura illustrated that children can act aggressively by merely watching the violent behavior of others. The keyword to remember for Bandura’s research is “modeling.”
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
(a) The preconventional stage is usually for children in whom behavior is motivated by avoidance of punishments;
(b) the conventional stage is where most people are situated—it focuses on conformity to social norms and approval of others; and
(c) the postconventional stage centers on high ethics and moral principles of conscience (i.e., personal principles, not just laws of society).
Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, and Formal.
According to Piaget, human development is the progressive adaptation to the environment through assimilation and accommodation. Infants are biologically predisposed to develop and acquire information by interacting with their environment. For example, a child who thinks a dime is worth less than a nickel because it is physically smaller soon learns through play or “pretend” spending that it is actually worth more.
