Praise Jesus it's Almost Over! (I Really Should've Tried Harder for This Class)

Question 1

Anterior pituitary is made out of what kind of cells?

Answer 1

GLANDULAR epithelial cells

Question 2

5 types of anterior pituitary cells

Answer 2

1. Somatotrophs
2. Corticotrophs
3. Gonadotrophs
4. Lactotrophs
5. Thyroidtrophs

Question 3

Somatotrophs

Answer 3

Capable of secreting/being inhibited to secrete GH.

40-50%

Question 4

Corticotrophs

Answer 4

Release ACTH and MSH. 20%

Question 5

Gonadotrophs

Answer 5

Release FSH and LH. 10-15%

Question 6

Lactotrophs

Answer 6

Secrete prolactin. 10-15%

Question 7

Thyroidtrophs

Answer 7

Secrete TSH. 5%.

Question 8

What produces OT?

Answer 8

Paraventricular nucleus (Posterior pituitary)

Question 9

What produces ADH?

Answer 9

Supraoptic nucleus

Question 10

Hypothalamic neurons release hormones to

Answer 10

Ant. pituitary

Question 11

TRH

Answer 11

3 amino acids long

Causes release of TSH

Question 12

CRH

Answer 12

Causes release of MSH and ACTH

Question 13

GnRH

Answer 13

Causes release of FSH and LH

Question 14

GHRH

Answer 14

Causes release of GH

Question 15

GHIH

Answer 15

Inhibits release of GH

SOMATOSTATIN

Question 16

PIH

Answer 16

Prolactin inhibiting hormone
DOPAMINE
(prolactin always being inhibited)

Question 17

GNIH

Answer 17

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, MAY NOT EXIST, inhibits LH and FSH

Question 18

GH target

Answer 18

none - affects all areas

Question 19

Direct action of GH

Answer 19

Metabolic;

1. breaks down lipids, increases plasma fatty acid levels, promotes energy from fat (NOT GLUCOSE)
2. Carb. metabolism, causes glycogen to be broken down, and increases insulin, DECREASES CELLULAR UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE (promoting fatty acids to be used)

Question 20

Type II diabetes

Answer 20

caused by prolonged period of GH carb. metabolism, cells become resistant to insulin

Question 21

GH is ______ to insulin

Answer 21

counter-regulatory

Question 22

GH indirect action

Answer 22

When bound at the LIVER, secrete IGFs

Question 23

IGFs general effects

Answer 23

Collagen, bone, and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and growth

Question 24

IGF1 important in

Answer 24

muscle development

Question 25

IGF2 important in

Answer 25

bone growth/development

Question 26

2 ways bones are formed

Answer 26

1. Intramembranous | 2. Endochondrial

Question 27

Intramembranous growth

Answer 27

FLAT/IRREGULAR | Mesenchyme is shaped by OC/OB , form matrix, and form lattices (compact and spongy bone)

Question 28

Endochondrial growth

Answer 28

LONG/SHORT | Cartilage template - OC/OB enter, cartilage continues to grow on the ends, but middle becomes hollow

Question 29

Epiphyses

Answer 29

Ends of long/short bones, made of spongy bone (the rest is compact)

Question 30

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 30

Growth plate made of cartilage that allows for growth

Question 31

How to stop growth?

Answer 31

The epiphyseal plate becomes all bone (no cartilage

Question 32

4 factors affecting growth

Answer 32

diet, genetics, disease, stress

Question 33

Pituitary dwarfism

Answer 33

Most common, too little GH or GHRH secretion, SHORT WITH NORMAL PROPORTIONS

Question 34

Laron dwarfism

Answer 34

Person cannot make IGF1, damaged receptors in liver, appendages are shorter

Question 35

Pygmies

Answer 35

Normal receptors, but low in quantity

Question 36

Gigantism

Answer 36

From too much GH, USUALLY HAS DIABETES

Question 37

Agromegly

Answer 37

Jaws, hands, feet really big, larger brow region, diabetes usually associated

Question 38

Steroid producing cells

Answer 38

adrenocorticoid (adrenal cortex) or gonadal

Question 39

3 layers of adrenal cortex

Answer 39

``` zona glomérulosa (external) zona fasiculata zona reticularis (internal) ```

Question 40

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 40

Makes aldosterone, causes Na reabsorption at distal conboluted tubule, and K to be secreted

Question 41

Zona fasiculata

Answer 41

makes cortisol and corticosterone

Question 42

Zona reticularis

Answer 42

Makes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

Question 43

Placenta

Answer 43

Makes progesterone -> maintains pregnancy

Question 44

Pregnanelone becomes

Answer 44

progesterone or adrenal steroids

Question 45

adrenal steroids reduce cortisol which produces

Answer 45

aldosterone

Question 46

progesterone becomes

Answer 46

androstenedione

Question 47

Epitestosterone -> ______ -> testosterone

Answer 47

Androstenedione