Exam I

Question 1

Define anatomy

Answer 1

Study of body structures

Question 2

Define physiology

Answer 2

Study of body functions

Question 3

Name the 5 basic life processes

Answer 3

1. Metabolism
2. Reproduction
3. Responsiveness
4. Movement
5. Growth

Question 4

O2 is required for the body to make what?

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

What are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 5

Catabolism and anabolism

Question 6

What’s the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 6

Catabolism breaks things down, anabolism builds things up

Question 7

What is responsiveness?

Answer 7

Ability to detect a stimulus and generate a response

Question 8

Define homeostasis

Answer 8

Condition of equilibrium in internal environment produced by constant interplay of body’s internal functions. DYNAMIC condition

Question 9

Physiology is what to homeostasis?

Answer 9

What the body is doing to maintain homeostasis

Question 10

Allostasis is what?

Answer 10

Achieving homeostasis through physiological or behavioral change. It relates to the mechanisms that deal with change.

Question 11

What are feedback systems?

Answer 11

Cycles of life in which the body is continually monitored, evaluated, and changed

Question 12

3 basic components of feedback systems

Answer 12

1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector

Question 13

Recepto input

Answer 13

System tha tmonitors and senses change and sends a signal to the control center

Question 14

Control center integration

Answer 14

Sets the range of accepted values, and in return, sends output commands to the effector

Question 15

Effector output

Answer 15

Body structure that responds to the command that change the.

Question 16

What is ICF

Answer 16

Intercellular fluid - fluid within the cell

Question 17

What is ECF?

Answer 17

Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cell

Question 18

2 major subcategories of ECF?

Answer 18

1. Interstitial fluid (between cells)

2. Plasma

Question 19

Minor subcategories of ECF

Answer 19

1. Lymph

2. Transcellular fluids (synovial fluids, eyeball fluid, CSF)

Question 20

Urine and digestive fluids are

Answer 20

Considered outside of the cell

Question 21

The human body is about 60% what?

Answer 21

Water, but this is VARIABLE. Changes with gender, build, etc.

Question 22

What is important about the cell membrane’s form?

Answer 22

It leads to permeable function

Question 23

The lipid bilayer is studded with

Answer 23

intergral or peripheral proteins

Question 24

Ratio of lipid molecules to proteins?

Answer 24

30:1

Question 25

Cell membrane is composed of (75%)

Answer 25

phospholipids

Question 26

Structure of a phospholipid

Answer 26

Two lipid tails and a phosphate head

Question 27

How much of the cell membrane is composed of cholestrol?

Answer 27

20%

Question 28

What is cholesterol?

Answer 28

A rigid lipid structure with a hydroxyl group

Question 29

Is cholesterol ampiphatic?

Answer 29

Weakly

Question 30

Is the hydroxyl group semi-polar

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Are the cholesterols in the membrane movable?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

What is the purpose of cholesterols in the cellular membrane?

Answer 32

They give the structure integrity (less fluid)

Question 33

Glycolipids compose how much of the membrane?

Answer 33

5%

Question 34

What are glycolipids?

Answer 34

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached

Question 35

Glycolipids are amphipathic. What does this mean?

Answer 35

They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

Question 36

Describe the polarity of glycolipids

Answer 36

Carbohydrate end is polar, lipid end is nonpolar

Question 37

Describe the function of glycoproteins

Answer 37

They portrude through the membrane, they are antigenic, and serve as a marker for other cells to recognize them

Question 38

How do phospholipids arrange themselves? Why?

Answer 38

Heads out, tails in. This is because the heads are polar and therefore hydrophilic.

Question 39

Describe the glycocalyx

Answer 39

Fuzzy part of the cell; fuzzy because carbohydrates from glycolipids stick out of cell

Question 40

Describe the protein portion of the membrane

Answer 40

Integral proteins go through the entire bilayer, they have amphipathic portions, and can also be called transmembrane proteins. Peripheral proteins hang on the outside. Intracellular peripheral membrane proteins, also called glycoproteins, have a carbohydrate group that extends out the ECF, which also forms part of the glycocalyx and helps cells adhere to one another. Proteins function as channels/pores, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-to-cell contact specialization (a way to unite cells together, not communication), and cell identity markers.

Question 41

3 types of cell-cell contact

Answer 41

1. Desmosomes 2. Gap junctions 3. Tight junctions

Question 42

Tight junctions

Answer 42

Integral proteins like a river

Question 43

Gap junctions

Answer 43

Channels that cross two bilayers, lead to more communication and hold cells together.

Question 44

Desmosomes

Answer 44

Extra strong tight junctions, like Velcro, and have cytomicrofilaments, and cytomicrotubules

Question 45

Lipid bilayer functions include

Answer 45

1. Permeability to most nonpolar, uncharged molecules (aka other lipids). Oxygen can go through it due to small size, nitrogen can as well. Lipid and fat soluble substance can go through it. Steroids based on cholesterol can. Small alcohol molecules can go through it. Water can go through it due to bilayer movement and small molecule size. Nothing else can really go through it.

Question 46

Proteins help what move the membrane

Answer 46

Small and medium polar (or charged) substance move through the membrane. Highly selective.

Question 47

Function of cell communication

Answer 47

Transport information and signals across the cell.

Question 48

Describe direct junction method

Answer 48

Direct contact, also known as the gap junction method. It is a change of charge, and not a common method of communication. Hepatocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and some neurons utilize this method of cellular communication.